2. Booting.pptVIP

Booting System Lifecycle: Ups Downs Booting Kernel Initialization init: Process Number One Shutdown What’s loader Loader Program that moves bits from disk (usually) to memory and then transfers CPU control to the newly “loaded” bits (executable) the loader is just a program and it resides in memory too. How did it get there? Who Loads the Loader? “loader loader” Bootstrap Loader (Bootloader) Program that loads the “first program” (the kernel) Requires firmware support (“hardware bootstrap”) Adds another “layer” to boot process but increases flexibility, supports “multiboot” configurations PROM Monitors vs. BIOS BIOS: limited setup via DEL or F1 at boot Monitor: continuously accessible command interpreter Examples: Sparc OpenBoot, Alpha SRM Persistent code that is “already loaded” on power-up the Linux boot process on PC Boot sequence on standard PC (IBM-PC compatible) Upon starting, a personal computer‘s x86 CPU runs the instruction located at the fixed memory location of the BIOS. It contains a jump instruction that transfers execution to the location of the BIOS start-up program . This program runs a Power-on self test (POST) to check and that initialize devices. Then, the BIOS goes through a preconfigured list of devices until it finds one that is bootable. loads and executes bootable device’s boot sector. In the case of a hard drive, this is referred to as the master boot record (MBR). Anatomy of the MBR MBR is small, most boot loaders load in two stages. first stage : the BIOS loads a part of the boot loader known as the initial program loader, or IPL. The IPL interrogates the partition table and subsequently is able to load data wherever it may exist on the various media. This action is used initially to locate the second stage boot loader and load it. The second stage boot loader is the real meat of the boot loader. Boot loaders are usually configured in one of two ways: As a primary boot loader: Primary boot loaders are where the first stag