生物炭对土壤的改良作用及对种植业的影响.docVIP

生物炭对土壤的改良作用及对种植业的影响 　　摘要 生物炭是生物质在缺氧的环境下，经高温热裂解生成的多孔性炭质材料，近年来被应用在土壤改良、农业生产及促进农业废弃物利用等方面，其发挥的作用越来越受到关注。总结了施用生物炭对土壤的改良作用及对种植业的影响。国内外研究表明：施用生物炭能够减小土壤容重，增加土壤的通气量；通过生物炭的亲水性及发达的空隙，增加根际区水分的滞留，增加土壤含水量；通过生物炭表面丰富的羰基、酚基、醌基等基团，增加土壤的吸附能力和交换活性，增加土壤CEC，增加养分利用效率；另外，通过向土壤中施入生物炭，可以提高微生物多样性、土壤微生物丰度及土壤酶活性，进而增加土壤生物活性，促进土壤有机质的降解及养分的转化，最终为作物的生长创造良好的环境，显著地提高作物产量。 　　关键词 生物炭；土壤改良；土壤含水量；土壤养分；作物产量a 　　中图分类号 S156 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-5739（2016）01-0248-03 　　Improvement of Biological Carbon on Soil and Its Effect on Planting 　　LU Hai-yan LIU Jie * SUN Bin WANG Da-wei GUO Wei 　　（Rural Energy Research Institute，Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Harbin Heilongjiang 150000） 　　Abstract Biochar was porous material，which was produced at a high temperature and anoxic environment. Recently，biochar has been applied to soil improvement，agricultural production and agricultural waste utilization that caused wide attention. The impact that applied biochar to soil and cultivation were summarized .Researches showed that：biochar application could significantly increased soil fertility that reduced soil density，increased soil aeration；increased rhizosphere soil moisture content；increased soil adsorption and exchange activity，CEC，nutrient utilization；enhanced soil microbial abundance，microbial diversity and soil enzyme activities，promoted soil nutrients conversion，which created a good environment for crops growth. Studies had indicated that biochar application to agriculture improved soil fertility，increased crop yield，which played a positive role. 　　Key words biochar；soil improement；soil moisture；soil nutrition；crop yield 　　生物炭（Biochar）是农林废弃物等生物质在缺氧条件下热裂解形成的稳定的富碳产物[1]。丰富的羧基、酚羟基、羟基、脂族双键、芳香化结构，以及保留完整的原生物质细微孔隙结构[2]，使生物炭具备了极强的吸附能力和抗氧化能力[3]，具有可溶性极低，溶沸点极高，理化性质稳定、含碳率高、孔隙结构丰富、比表面积大等特点[4]。 　　基于以上特性，生物炭被越来越多地应用在土壤改良、气候变化、治理环境污染及促进农业废弃物利用等方面。张伟明研究表明，施用生物炭明显提高了大豆单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重和产量，当施用生物炭3 000～6 000 kg/hm2时，其产量比对照平均提高了10.98%；水稻产量比对照平均提高了21.89%[5]。盆栽试验结果表明，强酸性红壤施用生物炭，能明显提高pH值而降低其酸度，同时增加土壤的肥力[6]。 　　我国是农业大国，各