Lect3汇编.pptVIP

追朔概念演化历史的可能性？ 3.3 非线性动力学中的混沌1 优先权三定律： 1. Arnol’d’s Law: everything that is discovered is named after someone else (including Arnol’d law) 2. Berry’s Law: sometimes, the sequence of antecedents seems endless. So, nothing is discovered for the first time. 3. Whiteheads’s Law: Everything of importance has been said before by someone who did not discover it. 3.3 非线性动力学中的混沌2 James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) Does the progress of Physical Science tend to give any advantage to the opinion of Necessity (or Determinism) over that of the Contingency of Events and the Freedom of the Will? Delivered in Cambridge, 11th February 1873 不稳定性与初值敏感性 3.3 非线性动力学中的混沌3 It is a metaphysical doctrine that from the same antecedents follow the same consequents. No one can gainsay this. But it is not of much use in a world like this, in which the same antecedents never again concur, and nothing ever happens twice. …The physical axiom which has a somewhat similar aspect is that “from like antecedents follow like consequents.” But here we have passed from sameness to likeness, from absolute accuracy to a more or less rough approximation. There are certain classes of phenomena…in which a small error in the data only introduces a small error in the result. …The course of events in these cases is stable. There are other classes of phenomena which are more complicated, and in which cases of instability may occur, the number of such cases increasing, in an extremely rapid manner, as the number of variables increases. The Life of James Clerk Maxwell, with selections from his correspondence and occasional writings and a sketch of his contributions to science, by Lewis Campbell and William Garnett (MacMillan and Co.,London, 1884: 362-366) (Sonnet Software, Inc., 1997: 209-213) 相同的前因导致相同的后果，这是条哲学法则。没有人否认这一点。但该法则有时候没有多大用处，相同的前因从来不出现，任何事情都不发生第二次。……有条类似的物理学公理， “相似的前因导致相似的后果 。”这里，我们从相同变成相似，从绝对精确变成或多或少粗略的近似。有这样些现象，其中数据中小的误差导致结果中小的误差。这类情形是稳定的。还有另一类更复杂的现象，其中出现不稳定