语言学概论Chap3.pptVIP

Chapter 3 From Morpheme to phrase I. Quick Check Explain and illustrate the concepts of phoneme and allophone. II. Warm-up questions 1. What is a word? Which of the following are words: in- in -less less a notebook Dutch treat 2. Can one word be used as a sentence? 3. How many meaningful components can you find in each of the following words: many meaningful words Washington 4. How is the meaning of past expressed in the following verbs: questioned looked loaded said sank put 5. Through what word formation process are the following words created: edit←editor peddle←peddler enthuse←enthusiasm III. Major points to study 1. Concept and classification of words; 2. Morpheme and formation of words; 3. Change of word meaning IV. Discussion of the major points 1. Concept and classification of words: 1 Concept of words: The word is a linguistic unit above the morpheme and below the phrase. It is the minimum free form of a language that has the most stable internal structure. Cf. p.57 2 Classification of words: 1 According to origin: Native words and loan words e.g. Native words: rain night dog head small eat Loan words: garage French soprano Italian tsar Russian kungfu Chinese 2 According to form: Variable and invariable words some languages e.g. Variable words: machine write happy Invariable words: to infinitive sign of why 3 According to function: Grammatical and lexical words: e.g. Grammatical words close-class words : art., prep., conj., personal pron.: the for if we Lexical words open-class words : n., v., adj., adv., int., num.: sky learn ugly sadly hi five 4 According to part of speech: n., v., adj., adv., int., num., art., prep., conj., pron. English 5 According to other ways: e.g. Daily words and technical words: dog/canine/’keinain/; 狗 类 /犬 类 Formal words and informal words: eat/have sth.; 进食/吃东西 Oral words and written words: cool/exceptional; 太棒了/极好 Monosyllabi