18第十八章时态.docVIP

18.第十八章 时态 时态： 动词随着时间来改变的形态，包含现在式， 过去式， 未来式， 进行式， 完成式， 完成进行式。 现在式： She writes a letter. 过去式： She wrote a letter. 未来式： She will write a letter. 进行式： Be V + Ving 现在进行式 am/ are/ is Ving 过去进行时： Was/ were+ Ving 现在进行式 She is writing a letter. 过去进行时 She was writing a letter. 未来进行式 She will be writing a letter. 完成式 have/ has/ had P.P. 动作的完成 现在完成式 She has written a letter. 过去完成式 She had written a letter. 未来完成式 She will have written a letter. 完成进行式 现在完成进行式 She has been writing a letter. 过去完成进行式 She had been writing a letter. 未来完成进行式 She will have been writing a letter. 一．现在式 1 . 现在式采用动词之原型，除了be 动词及助动词之外，第三人称单数主词，会在原形字尾加-e s. have的单数为has. A. 原形动词加 S – 发[s], [z] stops 无声读s ; runs 有声读z B. 原形动词加 es—动词字尾，如果发音为[s], [z], [o]. [∫], [t∫], [d? ]原形动词字尾为子音+y –加 ies: Passes; catches, cries 2 . 使用时机 A. 表示现在时的状态或动作。 1. Everything is in order. 2. Joe owns a house by the sea. B. 表示习惯的动作用现在式。 1. I always drink coffee for breakfast. 2. My family go to church on Sunday. C. 表示不变的真理及事实 1. The earth goes around the sun. 2. Water consists of hydrogen and Oxygen. 3. Three times for is twelve. D. 表示确定的未来计划 1. Here comes a bus. 2. I see some sparrows on the roof. E. 表示确定的未来计划 1. Tomorrow is Mother’s day. 2. Our flight leaves at 11: 45. F. 主要句为未来时，表示时间， 条件的副词句用现在式。 1. The birds will fly south. Winter will come. The birds will fly south when winter comes. 2. What will consumers do if prices rise? 二. 过去式 除了be动词 was/ were 之外不论人称或单数复数概以过去式表示。 1 . 规则变化 A. 原形字尾加 ed- [t], [d], [id] helped [t] opened [id] started 本身字尾发[t] [] 音加ed 发[id]. B. 原形字尾有e, 直接加d, like, moved. ELiked [t] moved [d] C. 原形字尾为音Studied, applied，则重复字尾ed , stopped [t] robbed [d] 注意; 若 2 个母音字母的动词 looked [t]; 2 个字音字母的动词 jumped [t]字音2 个的动词加ed 即可， mixed [t] x [ks] E. 原形字尾为C 之动词， 加K 后再加ed. Picnicked [t] panicked [t] 2 不规则变化- bring/ brought buy/ bought sell/ sold find/ found 3 过去式的使用时机 1. There was a traffic jam on the expressway. 2. Suntanned men and women strolled along the beach. B. 表示过去的习惯 1. I always rode my bicycle t