主动与被动语态.pptVIP

主动与被动 讲义大纲 被动语态 主动语态 英语中的被动语态 汉语中的被动表达 被动语态 被动语态在英语里是一种常见的语法现象。 构成？？？？？ 主动语态 主动语态是一种非标记性表达。 构成？？？？？？ 英语中的被动语态 施事的原因 句法的要求 修辞的考虑 文体的需要 施事的原因 施事未知而难以言明 The murderer was caught yesterday，and it is said that he will be hanged. 施事从上下文中可以不言自明 She told me that her master had dismissed her．No reason had been assigned; no objection had been made to her conduct. She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress． 施事不如受事重要，或受事需要强调 Her only cat was given by a neighbour. 由于特殊的原因而不要指明施事，如为了使叙述显得圆通、得体，或为了表达某种微妙的情绪 Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken． 句法的要求 为了句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接 Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long，thin strings，called “fibers”, and these fibers can be made into cloth． 为了使句子平衡，保持末端中心(end focus)和末端重量(end weight)，以符合主语简短、谓语复杂的表达习惯 I was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job． 修辞的考虑 英语修辞学主张不要过分使用被动句，但适当使用被动句可以使表达方法灵活多变，避免句型单调，达到一定的修辞效果。例如使用被动式可以减少以填补词“it”、“there”引导的句式，使句子比较干脆、有力。 There are many ways to vary the basic English sentence pattern of subject—verb—object． 文体的需要 信息性文体主要指科技文体、新闻文体、公文文体及论述文体。科技论文注重事理和活动的客观叙述，力戒作者的主观臆断，因而常常避免提及施事。 Flour and water are weighed and fed automatically into mixers，yeast and additives are then added by hand and everything is mixed together for twelve minutes. 结构被动句 英语的结构被动句(syntactic passive)远比意义被动句(notional passive)多。 结构被动句 谓语动词被动句 非谓语动词被动句 人称被动句 非人称被动句 双重被动句 意义被动句 用主动的形式表达被动的意义 1)These products sell like hot cakes(= are sold)． 2)The clock winds up at the back(=can be wound up)． 3)She dresses beautifully (=is dressed)． 4)The room filled rapidly(=was filled)． 5)This kind of cloth washes very well(=can be washed)． 6)The book is printing(=is being printed)． 7)The plan is working out(=is being worked out)． 英语有些被动意义可用词汇手段来表达 名词 形容词 介词 名词 examinee(=person examined) 受审查者；受试人；考生 referee(=to whom a question is referred) 受委托者 his astonishment(=he was astonished) 他感到惊讶 the man’s trial(=the man was tried) 那个人受审问 the impri