2.formalorganisationalstructures0overview详解.ppt

劳动分工 Division of Labor or work specialisation Breaking activities down into small elements so that an individual or groups could specialise in them and become very efficient Work specialization, sometimes called a division of labor, refers to the degree to which an organization divides individual tasks into separate jobs. * Managing People and Organizations: Advanced * Advantages of work specialization include: The simple tasks encourage the use of highly specific equipment that speed up the manufacturing operation Semi-skilled半熟练工 labor can be employed rather than highly skilled operatives作业人员 Each employee can be an expert to some degree. Task refinement by the specialist leads to higher levels of productivity. Work can be completed faster and more efficiently due to specialization. Quality control costs are lowered due to specialization. Gives employees a sense of pride and job security due to their specialized skills. All of the previously stated could lead to higher profit potential. Managing People and Organizations: Advanced Work specialization is particularly beneficial in manufacturing. Think of an assembly line 流水线生产where each individual employee completes one repetitive step in the product development process. case: Specialization of Task 20世纪初，亨利·福特(Henry Ford)通过建立汽车生产线而富甲天下， 享誉全球。他的做法是，给公司每一位员工分配特定的、重复性的工作，例如，有的员工只负责装配汽车的右前轮，有的则只负责安装右前门。通过把工作分化成较小的、标准化的任务，使工人能够反覆地进行同一种操作，福特利用技能相对有限的员工，每10秒钟就能生产出一辆汽车。 　　福特的经验表明，让员工从事专门化的工作，他们的生产效率会提高。今天，我们用工作专门化(work specialization)这个术语或劳动分工这类词汇来描述组织中把工作任务划分成若干步骤来完成的细化程度。 * Managing People and Organizations: Advanced * case: Specialization of Task 工作专门化的实质是：一个人不是完成一项工作的全部，解成若干步骤，每一步骤由一个人独立去做。就其实质来讲，工作活动的一部分，而不是全部活动。 从组织角度来看，实行工作专门化，有利于提高组织的培训效率。挑选并训练从事具体的、重覆性工作的员工比较容易，成本也较低。对于高度精细和复杂的操作工作尤其是这样。例如，如果让一个员工去生产一整架飞机，波音公司一年能造出一架大型波音客机吗?最后，通过鼓励专门领域中进行发明创造，改进机器，工作专门化有助于提高效率和生产率。 * Managing People and Organizations: Advanced * Disadvantages of specialisation Firstly if workers do specific tasks it may become b