3rd消化道组织digesttract案例.ppt

Nature. 2012 Aug 30;488(7413):601-2. doi: 10.1038/488601a. Microbiology: Antibiotics and adiposity. Flint HJ. Comment on Antibiotics in early life alter the murine colonic microbiome and adiposity. [Nature. 2012] Nature. 2012 Aug 30;488(7413):621-6. doi: 10.1038/nature11400. Antibiotics in early life alter the murine colonic microbiome and adiposity. Cho I1, Yamanishi S, Cox L, Methé BA, Zavadil J, Li K, Gao Z, Mahana D, Raju K, Teitler I, Li H, Alekseyenko AV, Blaser MJ. * a, In the mammalian small intestine, food is digested into sugars, amino acids and fats that are absorbed across the intestinal epithelium for use by the host. In the small intestine, subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics might reduce the total number of bacteria or suppress bacterial activity, which could reduce production of bacterial toxins or competition from bacteria for nutrients, resulting in more food energy being left for the host. b, In the large intestine, dietary substrates that are hard to digest are broken down by microbial fermentation to form short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Cho and colleagues1 suggest that, here, antibiotic treatment does not reduce overall bacterial numbers but rather shifts the microbial composition towards species that perform this fermentation, resulting in more efficient energy retrieval from ingested food, and more energy and SCFA absorption by the host. Some aspects of immunological protection of the intestine. A: A condition that is more frequent in the upper tract, such as in the jejunum. There are many IgA-secreting plasma cells, scattered lymphocytes, and some macrophages. Note that the lymphocytes in the epithelial lining are located outside the epithelial cells, and below the tight junctions. B: A condition that is more frequent in the ileum, where aggregates of lymphocytes are located under M cells. The M cells transfer foreign material (microorganisms and macromolecules) to lymphocytes located deep in the cavities of the M cells. Lymphocytes sprea