VerbalCommunication.pptVIP

Verbal Communication Chapter 7 Cultural Connotation in Language Chapter 8 Norms of Social Interaction Verbal Communication Chapter 7Cultural Connotation in Language Lead-in ______________ is the unique possession of human beings. Some intelligent animals can learn to respond to simple verbal or non-verbal signals like “sit” and “jump”. But none of them can use a systematic way to express complicated thoughts and feelings. What is Language? Language is a set of codes and symbols, along with the rules for combining them together. (working definition in our textbook, p.100) A language is a symbolic code of communication consisting of a set of sounds (phonetics) with understood meanings and a set of rules (grammar) for constructing messages. 语言是人类特有的用来表情达意的工具，由语音、词汇和语法构成。 Basic Functions of Language Phatic(交流情感): to establish an atmosphere or maintain social contact rather than to exchange information or ideas (e.g. greetings, farewells, comments on weather, etc.) Directive(下达指令): to get the hearer do sth. Informative(提供信息): to tell what the speaker believes, to give information about facts, or to reason things out Interrogative(发出疑问): to get information from others Expressive(表达感情): to reveal something about the feelings and attitudes of the speaker Evocative(唤起情绪): to create certain feelings in the hearer Performative(表述行为): to do things or perform actions Language and Culture A Metaphor Language is flesh, and culture is blood. Without culture, language would be dead; without language, culture would have no shape. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说 linguistic relativity 语言相关性 a belief that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language. The way of our thinking is “shaped” and “programmed” by our language. Thought Process Meanings of a Word conceptual meaning 概念意义 = denotative meaning 外延意义 connotative meaning 内涵意义 stylistic meaning 风格意义 affective meaning 感情意义 reflected meaning 联想意义 collocative mean