The Science of Biology Chapter12.pptVIP

How We Name Living Things Chapter 12 Outline Linnaean System Species Names Species Definition Building Family Trees Cladograms Traditional Models Kingdoms Domains Invention of the Linnaean System Classification - Multilevel grouping of individuals. Organisms first classified by Aristotle over 2,000 years ago. Eventually groups started to be formed and referred to as genera (singular, genus). Starting in middle ages, names began to be systematically written down using Latin. Invention of the Linnaean System Classification scheme of the Middle Ages (polynomial system) was used replaced with a binomial system by Linnaeus about 250 years ago. Polynomial - Strings of latin words and phrases containing up to 12 words. Binomial - Two-part name for each species. Species Names Taxa - Group of organisms at a particular level in a classification system (Taxonomy). By convention: First word of binomial name is genus and is always capitalized. Second word refers to particular species and is not capitalized. Together form Scientific Name, written in italics. Higher Categories Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Kindly Pay Cash Or Furnish Good Security. Hierarchical Classification System Species Definition Biological Species Concept (Ernst Mayr) Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups. Problems Assumes regular outcrossing Assumes strong reproductive barriers Hybrids ? Building A Family Tree Systematics - Reconstruction and study of evolutionary trees (Phylogenetic trees). Clade - Organisms related by descent. Cladistics - Constructing phylogeny according to similarities derived from common ancestor. Produce branching cladogram. Compare outgroup (different organism) to the ingroup. Cladogram of Vertebrate Animals Building A Family Tree Because evolutionary success depends on high-impact events, modern cladistics attempts to weight evolutionary significance of characters.