A Functional Typology of Translations.pptVIP

A Functional Typology of TranslationsBy Christiane NordZhaobo Introduction: The Crux of Equivalence 1. Two Fundamental Opposition linguistic approach ←→ functional approach 2. Nord’s Opinion on Linguistic Translation one of the most ambiguous concepts has been interpreted in different ways eg. Nida→ dynamic equivalence Koller → five types of equivalence Neubert → text-bound equivalence Pym → value 3. Nord’s Opinion on the Drawbacks of Equivalence (1) focus on structural qualities of ST, ignore communicative interaction. (2) cultural aspects do not come sufficiently into consideration. (3) lacks consistency (4) transfer standards are different or even contradictory. (5) do not account for culture-specific differences in translational concepts. (6) excludes target-language text which do not satisfy the criterion of equivalence. (7) The source text and its value are considered to be the one and only standard. Functionalism + Loyalty as an Alternative Model 1. a pragmatic model 2. a cultural-oriented model 3. a consistent model 4. a comprehensive model 5. an anti-universalist model 6. a practical model 7. an expert model The Skopos Model 1. Nord’s Opinion on the Skopos Model One of the main factors in the skopos of a communicative activity is the (intended) receiver or addressee with their specific communicative needs. the focus is shifted from the source text to the target text and its communicative function or functions. Functionality Plus Loyalty 1. Why Functionality plus Loyalty? a. Skopos theory takes the importance of the target text orientation. b. no restriction to the target text translation c. Loyalty commits the translator bilaterally to the source and target side. 2. Two Reservations to the Skopos Model by Nord. a. culture-specificity of translational model b. relationship between the translator and the ST author. for a, translator should meditate between the two cultures for b, author