国际经济学ch05.ppt

Carbaugh, Chap. 5 International EconomicsBy Robert J. Carbaugh9th Edition Chapter 5: Tariffs Chapter 5 Why restrict trade? The tariff concept and types Effective rate of protection Avoiding and postponing tariffs (US) Tariff welfare effects Who pays for import restrictions? Arguments for trade restrictions protective-trade argument But free-trade policies meet workers who face losses in income and jobs because of import competition. Policy makers are torn between the appeal of greater global efficiency made possible by free trade and the needs of the voting public whose main desire is to preserve short-run interests such as employment and income. Why restrict trade? Benefits of free trade come in the long term, and are usually spread widely across society Costs of free trade are felt rapidly and are usually concentrated in specific sectors of the economy-import-competition sectors. Defining tariffs A tariff is a tax (duty) levied on products as they move between nations Import tariff - levied on imports Protective tariff - designed to insulate domestic producers from competition Revenue tariff - intended to raise funds for the government budget (no longer important in industrial countries) Export tariff - levied on exported goods as they leave the country. Types of tariff Specific tariff Fixed monetary fee per unit of the product Ad valorem tariff Levied as a percentage of the value of the product Compound tariff A combination of the above, often levied on finished goods whose components are also subject to tariff if imported separately The merits of Specific tariff A specific tariff is relatively easy to apply and administer, particularly to standardized commodities and staple products where the value of the dutiable goods cannot be easily observed Another merit is that it can provide more protection during a business recession. A main disadvantage of a specific tariff is that the degree of protection it affords domestic producers varies inversely