Lecture 3 Coordination and Subordination.ppt

Lecture 3   Coordination and Subordination Outline Coordination （并列） Subordination（从属） Ways of Achieving Subordination Coordination Coordination is happening whenever two or more words, phrases, or clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction—specifically, and, or, nor, but, yet, and for. As the following examples show, two or more of any type of grammatical structures can be coordinated—that is, joined by a coordinating conjunction: Coordinated words and phrases: 1）Early in the twentieth century, beliefs in the existence of Martians（假想的火星人） drew heavily on scientific and political analogies with life on Earth.  2）The Second World War saw the development of radar and then the building of the giant radio telescopes. In the first example, two adjectives are coordinated—joined by “and”. In the second, two nouns are joined by “and”. Coordinated dependent clauses: However, Nicolas Copernicus came to the conclusion that the Sun had to be located at the center of the cosmos and that the Earth, Moon and the planets all circle the Sun. In this example, both dependent clauses are introduced by that; they are joined by and. Subordination Subordination is the transformation of an independent clause into a dependent/subordinate clause, an extended phrase (such as a gerund(动名词), participial(分词), or infinitive phrase(不定式短语), or a simple noun phrase (or single noun). Subordinate clauses, which cannot stand alone, introduced by subordinating conjunctions or by relative pronouns. Both subordination and coordination involve the linking of units of the same rank. But the major difference between them is that the information in subordinate clause is often placed in the background with respect to the superordinate clause. Subornation is important means to distinguish the head and the inferior. We can learn what the writer want to express and his purpose. But by coordination, the words, phrases, or clauses are in the same importance.