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Transnational companies as a source of skill upgrading: The electronics industry in Ho Chi Minh City??Original Research ArticleGeoforum This paper employs annual data for Malaysia from 1970 to 2008 to examine the causal relationship between economic growth, electricity generation, exports and prices in a multivariate model. We find that there is unidirectional Granger causality running from economic growth to electricity generation. However, neither the export-led nor handmaiden theories of trade are supported and there is no causal relationship between prices and economic growth. The policy implication of this result is that electricity conservation policies, including efficiency improvement measures and demand management policies, which are designed to reduce the wastage of electricity and curtail generation can be implemented without having an adverse effect on Malaysia’s economic growth. Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Malaysian context 3. Existing literature 4. Hypotheses 5. Econometric methodology 5.1. Cointegration 5.2. Granger causality 6. Data 7. Empirical results 8. Discussion of results and policy implications 9. Conclusion, limitations and directions for future research References Multivariate Granger causality between electricity generation, exports, prices and GDP in Malaysia??Original Research ArticleEnergy Employment and training in TNCs constitute a potential route through which FDI-led industrialization can contribute to national and regional development and economic growth. The article explores this link through the case of TNCs in the electronics industry in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The skill upgrading contribution of TNCs is related to the type of factories located in Vietnam and the role they play in regional production networks using a model combining the reverse product cycle and regional waves of FDI. Most electronics factories in Vietnam are ‘reproduction factories’ with mature technology and a narrow role in basic comp