Infiltration,RunoffandStreamflow.pptVIP

Infiltration, Runoff and Stream flow Ali Fares, PhD Watershed Hydrology, NREM 691 UHM-CTAHR-NREM Presentation Outline Infiltration Definition theory Green-Ampt, Horton Philip equations Infiltration measurement Infiltration as affected by: Soil type Infiltration Infiltration is the actual rate at which water is entering the soil at any given time(SCSA, 1976). Infiltration capacity: Maximum rate (LT-1). Measuring infiltration Infiltration Characteristics Infiltration is influence by: Rain intensity, - Soil type -Disturbance. - Crust Soil cover - etc. Soil Type Effects on Infiltration Sand soils have the highest infiltration rates Clay soils have the lowest infiltration rates. High organic matter improves infiltration rates. The flux density, q, is the rate of water movement through a medium. q is a function of ΔH and the hydraulic conductivity of the medium. ΔH = H1 – H2 is the difference between total water potential inlet and outlet. H = Pressure head + Gravitational head DERIVATION OF RICHARD’S EQUATION IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA From Continuity of mass Applying the Darcy Law to each velocity term: Infiltration Equations Green-Ampt (1911): i = ic + b/I Where I is cumulative infiltration, ic and b are constants. There are several other equations: Horton (1940) Philip (1957) Horton’s Equation Assumes K and D are constants (no dependence on q) Richard’s equation reduces to the diffusion equation dq/dt = D [d2q/dz2] Solve the equation for the rate of moisture diffusion at soil surface f(t) = fc + (f0 – fc) e–kt k = Decay constant ~ T-1 * * Tension infiltrometer Double ring infiltrometer Guelph Permeameter L A H1 H2 Ksat The general continuity equation is: Q = a q where Q is the flow rate, volume/time (L3/T) a is the cross-section area perpendicular to the flow, (L2) q is the flow velocity, length/time (L/T) In unsaturated soil the total potential can be estimated as the sum of the matric po