西方经济学中文版题2.docVIP

1. Using supply and demand analysis, examine the effect on equilibrium price and quantity traded of canned drinks in a country of the following events （consider each event separately） 运用需求来分析下列现象： (a)由于全球变暖，气温急剧上升。 (b) (b)罐装饮料平均价格中所包含的拆卸费用。 (c)罐装饮料工厂的工人工资上升。 2. 大规模生产会导致许多小企业的淘汰 (a) 举出四个规模化生产的优势 1.专业化。从亚当斯密的著作开始，人们认识到分工可以提高效率，规模越大的企业，其分工也必然是更详细的。 2学习效应。随着产量的增加，工人可以使熟练程度增加，提高效率 3可以有效地承担研发费用等。 4运输订购原材料等方面存在经济性 5价格谈判上的强势地位 (b) 是不是所有的小企业都会面临淘汰 Even though there are many advantages associated with large-scale production, small firms can still exist side by side. The ability of these small firms to survive and compete against the larger firms can be explained below. a) Personal/ Direct Service The size of the business unit tends to be small if the work involves the provision of direct and personalised services such as those of doctors and hairdressers. b) Limited/ Localised Demand If demand is seasonal or uncertain, small firms predominate. This also applies to goods that are perishable or bulky which makes them impractical and difficult to transport regionally. c) Capital and Expertise Requirement Small firms find it more difficult to secure finance and hence, usually remain as a family business. The skill and efficiency of the owner enable it to continue to survive. d) Sub-Contracting/ Linking Industries Small firms provide essential components and services without which, the large firms cannot deliver the finished product to the consumers. e) Ability to Adapt Small firms are able to adapt more readily to the changing tastes of the customers and can make adjustment faster due to the simple organisational structure. 3. (a) 两个要生产的产品需求价格弹性如下： Product Price elasticity of demand X 0.5 Y 2.0 如果零售商想用图表的办法来解释怎样才能使他的总产量尽可能的达到最大值，他会对上述两个产品采取什么措施呢？ X的Ed＜1，即为需求缺乏弹性，即为生活必须品，价格上升，需求下降较少，总收益上升。 Y的Ed＜2，即为富于弹性，即为奢侈品和价格昂贵性劳务，价格下降，需求量增加，总收益上升。 (b) 什么是供给价格弹性？列举五个决定供给价格弹性的因素。 供给价格弹性是一定时期内，一种商品的供给量的变动对其价格变动的反应程度，其弹性系数等于供给量变动的百分比与价格变