离散数学课件(英文版)----sfemigroup.pptVIP

Homomorphic Image and System Properties Association Assuming that f: G1?G2 is a homomorphism, and G2 is a homomorphic image of G1, then, if G1 has an identity e, so does G2, and it is f(e). Proof: for any x’?G2, since f is onto, there must be x?G1, such that f(x)=x’. (x’*f(e)) = (f(x)* f(e))= f(x?e) = f(x) = x’. (f(e)*x)=x can be proved similarly. So , f(e) is the identity of G2. Products and quotients of semigroup If (S,*) and (T,*’) are semigroup, then (S×T, *’’) is semigroup where: (s1, t1)*’’(s2,t2) = (s1*s2, t1*’t2) *’’ is closed in S×T Association property needs to be proved. Congru