8 第8章应用：赋税的代价(曼昆经济学原理微观).ppt

* Q3 税收收入与税收规模 P Q D S Q2 PB PS PB PS 3T 2T 税收大时，增税使税收收入减少 0 应用：赋税的代价 * 拉弗曲线：揭示了税收规模与税收收入之间的关系 税收收入与税收规模 税收规模 税收收入 拉弗曲线 0 内容提要 一种物品的税收使该物品买者与卖者的福利减少了，而且，消费者剩余和生产者剩余的减少常常超过了政府筹集到的收入。 总剩余---消费者剩余，生产者剩余和税收收入之和---的减少被称为税收的无谓损失 税收带来无谓损失是因为它使买者少消费，使卖者少生产，而且这种行为变动使市场规模缩小到使总剩余最大化的水平之下 ? 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 内容提要 一种物品的税收使该物品买者与卖者的福利减少了，而且，消费者剩余和生产者剩余的减少常常超过了政府筹集到的收入。 总剩余---消费者剩余，生产者剩余和税收收入之和---的减少被称为税收的无谓损失 税收带来无谓损失是因为它使买者少消费，使卖者少生产，而且这种行为变动使市场规模缩小到使总剩余最大化的水平之下 ? 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. This chapter builds very closely on material from the previous three chapters: it uses the tools of welfare economics (from Chapter 7) to analyze the effects of a tax (introduced in Chapter 6). It explores the relationship between the price elasticities of demand and supply (Chapter 5) with the deadweight loss of the tax. Covering this chapter immediately after the previous three will reinforce the concepts students learned in those chapters. The material in Chapter 8 is important. The government must raise revenue to pay for the police, the court system, interstate highways, national defense, public education, and so forth. The government must choose which goods to tax and how much to tax each one. Effective tax policy generates the needed revenue while striving for (the sometimes conflicting goals of) efficiency and equity. This is not one of the longer chapters; most instructors cover it in 1.5 or 2 hours of class time. But if you’re pressed for time and looking for things to cut, you might consider cut