第五章土壤酸碱度.ppt

BUFFER CAPACITY Mechanisms of soil buffering pH Optimal pH value: 5 – 6 Maximal nutrient availability High pH values: Reduced nutrient availability Low pH values: Reduced nutrient availability Toxic levels of Al, Mn 四 土壤氧化-还原条件 问题:某地红壤,小麦和水稻各种一半,哪一半土壤pH高? pH水稻pH小麦 ? (1)有机质嫌气分解产生NH3(NH4+),在嫌气条件下不易变成NO3-,而是与土壤中的CO2生成(NH4)2CO3 (NH4)2CO3 ≒ H2CO3 + NH4OH NH3↑+ OH- (2)还原条件下,出现Mn2+,Fe2+,可生成MnCO3,FeCO3,水解后呈碱性 (3)酸性硫酸盐土(pH 2~3),淹水后,硫酸盐还原为硫化物(水解呈碱性) 对碱性土: pH水稻pH小麦,为什么? ①嫌气条件产生有机酸(多) ②嫌气条件下微生物释放的CO2向大气扩散慢 结论:淹水使酸性土和碱性土趋于中性 第四节 土壤的缓冲作用 Section 4 soil buffer action 定义(Difinition): 当向土壤中加入酸或碱时,土壤所具有的减缓pH改变的作用,叫~ Soil tend to resist changes in the pH of the soil solution. This resistance, called buffering. 原因: 1 土壤胶体的阳离子交换作用 Ca H + H2SO4 ≒ 3H + CaSO4 Ca H + NaOH ≒ Ca Na + H2O 2 土壤溶液中多种弱酸及弱酸盐 CaCO3 + H2SO4 ≒ CaSO4 + H2CO3 3 土壤中的一些两性胶体物质 R-CH-COOH + HCl = R-CH-COOH NH2 NH3Cl + NaOH = R-CH-COONa NH3OH 4 酸性土壤中的活性Al3+或交换性Al3+对碱的缓冲作用 继续加碱,可以出现多个“-OH-”把Al3+“拉起来”,形成多个 “Al-OH-Al” …(P.212) 条件:pH 5.5 (5) Al3+ H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O 2OH- 3+ Al3+ H2O H2O H2O OH- H2O OH- Al3+ H2O H2O H2O H2O 2 4+ Buffer capacity is the ability to withstand (抗拒) rapid pH fluctuation (升降) The greater the buffering capacity, the greater the quantity of acid or base which must be incorporated (混合) with a material to alter the pH Soil types having low buffering capacities include sandy soils containing little clay or organic matter Soils exhibiting a high buffering capacity are usually composed of large quantities of mineral clay and organic matter Soils with a high buffering capacity necessitate a greater amount of lime to raise the pH than soils with a low buffering capacity. Interactions with aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) compounds at low pH. Cation exchange reactions at intermediate pH levels,and Reactions with carbonates (碳酸盐) and bicarbonates (重碳酸盐) at high pH. 缓冲作用的量度—缓冲量（Buffer capacity） 土壤溶液改变一个单位pH值所需的酸或碱的量 测定: 通过滴定得一滴定曲线 由滴定曲线得出: (1)盐基不饱和土壤 (2)缓冲能力不断变化,在pH 4~5之间,缓冲性强,至pH 5左右失去了缓冲性 pH 5