语言学导论-第2章Phonology.pptVIP

Sound Structure: phonology Phonology How speech sounds in a language form patterns; How these sounds used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Phone, Phoneme, and allophone Phone 音素 A phonetic unit or segment（语音段） It does not necessarily distinguish meaning. e.g. [p] [ph] [s] [t] [th] [f] …… [p] vs. [ph] ? [b] ? Phoneme 音位 A phonological unit; an abstract unit; The distinctive sound of a language. [p] vs. [ph] Allophone 音位变体 Phoneme (Represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments) in square brackets […] in slashes /…/ Similar sounds Phonemic contrast 音位对立 Between two different phonemes E.g. /p/ (in [p?t]) /b/ (in [b?t]) Complementary distribution 互补分布 Between allophones of the same phoneme E.g. [ph] [p] Real-life analogy of  Complementary distribution Two people or one person? Do you ever see Superman and Clark Kent in the same environment? Superman is always found in the environment of an emergency. We can conclude: Just as allophones are different forms of the same phoneme, Clark Kent and Superman are different realizations of the same person. /Superman/ [Clark Kent] [Superman] Phonemes: Being Distinctive Minimal pair 最小对立体 A pair of words that differ in only one phoneme: E.g. pill bill till dill kill gill /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ The same thing applies to vowels as well E.g. beat bit bet bat boot but /i:/ /i/ /e/ /?/ /u/ /?/ Some rules in phonology Sequential rules 序列规则 Assimilation rule 同化原则 Deletion rule 省略原则 Sequential rules 序列规则 The patterning of sounds Which phonemes can begin a word? Which phonemes can end a word? Which phonemes can follow each other? E.g. /k/ /b/ /l/ /i/ Use your own knowledge to rearrange these four phonemes to form all the “possible” words. blik, kilb, kli