Chapter 7,8,9 语言学.ppt

Chapter 7 Language Change Contents 1. Changes 2. Trends 3. Causes 1. Changes 1. Sound a. Old, Middle, and Modern English b. British English and American English 2. Word a. Loss, addition b. Widening and narrowing 3. Syntax a. Loss of inflection b. Word order c. New rules 2. Trends 1) Simplicity Actor, actress He-wolf, she-wolf 2) Informality - Hi! - Bye. 3. Causes 1) American English 2) Science and technology Chapter 8 Language and society Contents 1. Variety 2. Style 3. Register 1. Variety 1) Regional dialect - places e.g. British , Australia , American English 2) Social dialect - status e.g. upper, middle and lower class 3) Ethnic dialect – social + regional 4) Gender, Age … 2. Style 1) Froze style e.g. Visitors would make their way at once to the upper floor by way of the staircase. 2) Formal style e.g. Visitors should go up the stairs at once. 3) Casual e.g. Would you mind going upstairs now. 4) Intimate e.g. Up you go, chaps! Register 1) Field: what is going on e.g. scientific 2) Tenor: the role of relationship e.g. teacher –student 3) Mode: the means of communication e.g. oral Chapter 9 Language and Culture Contents 1. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 2. Cultural in language 3. Culture determines language 1. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 1) Strong version The language patterns determine people’s thinking. 2) Weak version The language patterns influence the latter. 2. Culture in language 1) Word meaning (connotation) 2) Ways of communication a. Greetings b. Thanks c. Compliments 3. Culture determines language 1) Words and expressions 男左女右，不三不四 我们有缘分，瑜伽，报应 2) Meaning - 好人；法 3) Rhetorics Qi- China has a solid population control policy which is supported by the Chinese people. Cheng- Despite the policy, it is an arduous task to house, feed, andeducate the increasing population of China. Zhuang – Compared to China, the situation in the US is very differentwith a small population and much arable land. He – The imposition of US stan