第五讲 伦理学_幻灯.pptVIP

密尔 约翰·斯图尔特·密尔（John Stuart Mill，1806年5月20日－1873年5月8日），也译作约翰·斯图亚特·穆勒： 《穆勒名学》严复译； 《论自由》：严复在1903年译成中文，翻译为《群己权界论》； 《代议制政府》； 《论自由及论代议政府》； 《政治经济学原理》； 《功利主义》； 论自由 一、个人的行为只要不涉及他人的利害，个人就有完全的行动自由，不必向社会负责；他人对于这个人的行为不得干涉，至多可以进行忠告、规劝或避而不理。 二、只有当个人的行为危害到他人利益时，个人才应当接受社会的或法律的惩罚。社会只有在这个时候，才对个人的行为有裁判权，也才能对个人施加强制力量。 论自由 思想自由：即在科学、道德、政治、文化、宗教信仰等问题上，人民有形成、阐述和坚持自己意见的自由。思想自由，通常也称为思想自由权，绝对自由。 洗脑。 发表和出版意见的自由；?自由地根据自己的特性规划生活：做自己喜欢做的事并愿意承受一切可能的后果；只要我们的行为不伤及他人就不受人们干涉，即使在他人看来我们所行是愚蠢的、乖张的或错误的。?结社自由：由个人自由可以推出在同样限制内的个人联合的自由：人们可以在不伤害他人的任何目的下自由联合，但参加联合的人必须是成年人，并且不受强迫和欺骗。? 功利主义（Utilitarianism） 边沁（Jeremy Bentham ）：The Greatest Happiness Principle：“Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to promote the reverse of happiness.” Happiness: pleasure or absence of pain. The reverse of happiness: unhappiness, pain or privation of pleasure. basic idea：We should always perform those actions that will bring the most happiness or, failing that, the least unhappiness to the most people. Degrees of Pleasure According to Mill（穆勒或密尔）, pleasure has degrees, i.e., something is better than another, unlike Jeremy Bentham, the originator of the “greatest happiness principle”. For Bentham, the intensity of a pleasure is the only criterion of its worth, and sublime moments of intellect or sentiment were worth no more than equally intense moments of animal gratification. Mill For Mill, pleasures of equal intensity could differ in worth. Anyone who has experienced both the pleasures of the brute and the pleasures of the civilized person will prefer the latter to the former (the civilized pleasures must be preferable). A is better than B ? All prefer A to B, and won’t sacrifice A for any quantity of B. For Bentham, all that matters is quantity. For Mill, quality also matters. Mill It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. A Main Objection to Utilitarianism U