第四章 真菌_幻灯.pptVIP

* 由气生菌丝顶端分化成特殊囊状结构—孢子囊（sporangium)形成的孢子。 产生孢子囊的菌丝称孢囊梗（sporangiophore) 1、孢囊孢子 由于生于孢子囊内，又叫内生孢子。 它是由气生菌丝顶端膨大形成特殊囊状结构—孢子囊，孢子囊逐渐长大，在囊中形成许多核，每一个核外包以原生质并产生细胞壁，形成孢囊孢子。带有孢子囊的梗称孢子囊梗，孢子囊梗伸入到孢子囊中的部分叫囊轴或中轴。孢子囊成熟后释放出孢子。例藻状菌纲毛霉目及水霉目一些属以这种方式繁殖. Zygomycete Asexual Reproduction Zygomycete fungal mycelium is coenocytic. At the onset of sporulation large amounts of aerial hyphae are produced. The tips of these aerial hyphae fill with cytoplasmic contents, and the nuclei undergo repeated mitosis. Around each of the nuclei cytoplasm and organelles collect, and by the formation of copious vesicles from the Golgi, each nucleus becomes isolated from the next by a plasma membrane. Within the spaces created by this cytoplasmic cleavage, spore walls begin to form, again by the fusion of Golgi vesicles containing cell wall monomers and enzymes with the spore membrane. A sporangium forms. As these events occur so there is considerable water uptake by the forming sporangium, and as the columella forms the structure comes under considerable turgor pressure. The large sporangia can contain up to 100,000 spores (Fig 3). ★This diagram is redrawn from Brackers original and shows the development of a sporangium through time. As nuclei undergo repeated mitosis so the Golgi produces membrane bound vesicles filled with spore wall building materials. These coalesce around the nuclei to form a spore. Eventually they are released. ★Not all sporangia are as large as this, there are many species with smaller, specialized sporangia, called sporangiola, merosporangia and some are almost conidial, forming single spored sporangia that are only distinguished from the conidium of the higher fungi by the possession of a double spore wall. We will look at some of these structures in the practical. * 根据产生接合孢子的菌丝来源或亲和力不同可分为：同宗配合：菌体自身可孕，不需要别的菌体帮助而能独立进行有性生殖。 当同一菌体的两根菌丝甚至同一菌丝的分枝相互接触时，便可产生接合孢子。 异宗配合：菌体自身不孕，需要借助别的可亲和菌体的不同交配型来进行有性生殖。即它需要两种不同菌系的菌丝相遇才能形成接合孢子。 这两种不同菌系的菌体在形态、大小上一般无区别，但生理上有差别，常用“+”和“-”来表示。如果一种菌系或配子囊为“+”，那么。凡是