12智能计算导轮_模糊逻辑.pptVIP

智能计算导论第四章 模糊系统 西安电子科技大学 智能科学与技术系 Motivation 模糊逻辑是一种通过模仿人的思维方式来表示和分析不确定、不精确信息的方法和工具. 模糊逻辑，不同于经典逻辑在真和假之间没有精确的边界，即从真到假之间的转变是逐渐，这个过程通过隶属度函数来描述。 模糊并非来源于集合组成元素的随机性，而是来源于抽象思维和概念的不确定性及不精确本质。 History The precision of mathematics（精确数学） owes its success in large part to the efforts of Aristotle（亚里斯多德）。 Their efforts led to a concise theory of logic and mathematics. The “Law of the Excluded Middle”（排除中间） states that every proposition must either be True or False. Plato反对这种非此即彼的思维方法，他认为在真与假之间应该存在一种介于真与假之间的灰色地带的第三区域。 There were strong and immediate objections（缺陷）. For example, Heraclitus（赫拉 克利特）proposed that things could be simultaneously True and not True. History 一百多年前，罗素曾经指出过二元逻辑的局限性。 Lukasiewicz(波兰科学家，卢卡谢维奇 ) 对亚里斯多德的二值逻辑进行改进。提出了多值逻辑。 In the early 1900’s, Lukasiewicz described a three-valued logic. The third value can be translated as the term “possible,” and he assigned it a numeric value between True and False. Later, he explored four-valued logics, five-valued logics, and declared that in principle there was nothing to prevent the derivation of an infinite-valued logic. History Knuth(高德纳) proposed a three-valued logic similar to Lukasiewicz’s.（卢卡谢维奇） He speculated(推测) that mathematics would become even more elegant than in traditional bi-valued logic. His insight was to use the integral range [-1, 0 +1] rather than [0, 1, 2]. History Lotfi Zadeh（扎德 ）, at the University of California at Berkeley, first presented fuzzy logic in the mid-1960s. Zadeh developed fuzzy logic as a way of processing data. Instead of requiring a data element to be either a member or non-member of a set, he introduced the idea of partial set membership.(他首次提出fuzzy logical，引入部分属于的思想) 1965年发表关于模糊集合理性的论文。 1966年马里诺斯（Marinos）发表关于模糊逻辑的研究报告。 以后，扎德又提出关于模糊语言变量的概念。 1974年扎德进行有关模糊逻辑推理的研究。 History 模糊理论起源于美国，但是它在美国却因为传统的习惯力量，发展并不顺利，同样在欧洲也受到一定程度的抵制。西方人喜欢在精确问题上钻牛角尖，偏好亚里斯多德的二元逻辑系统。东方人擅长兼蓄思维，西方人娴熟于分析推理，这种文化沉淀上的差异也可以从对模糊逻辑的接受程度上反映出来。 模糊是相对于精确而言的。对于多因素的复杂状况，模糊往往显示出更大的精确。过份精确还可能导致过于克板、缺乏灵活性。如，我们到机场去接一