密码学1.pptVIP

Introduction Good Guys and Bad Guys Alice and Bob are the good guys Good Guys and Bad Guys Alice and Bob want to communicate securely Typically, over a network Alice or Bob might also want to store their data securely Trudy wants to read Alice and Bob’s secrets Or Trudy might have other devious plans… Cause confusion, denial of service, etc. CIA Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability Confidentiality: prevent unauthorized reading of information Integrity: prevent unauthorized writing of information Availability: data is available in a timely manner when needed Availability is a “new” security concern Due to denial of service (DoS) threats Crypto Cryptology ? The art and science of making and breaking “secret codes” Cryptography ? making “secret codes” Cryptanalysis ? breaking “secret codes” Crypto ? all of the above (and more) How to Speak Crypto A cipher or cryptosystem is used to encrypt the plaintext The result of encryption is ciphertext We decrypt ciphertext to recover plaintext A key is used to configure a cryptosystem A symmetric key cryptosystem uses the same key to encrypt as to decrypt A public key cryptosystem uses a public key to encrypt and a private key to decrypt Private key can be used to sign and public key used to verify signature (more on this later…) Crypto Underlying assumption The system is completely known to Trudy Only the key is secret Also known as Kerckhoffs Principle Crypto algorithms are not secret Why do we make this assumption? Experience has shown that secret algorithms are often weak when exposed Secret algorithms never remain secret Better to find weaknesses beforehand Crypto as a Black Box Note Pi is ith “unit” of plaintext And Ci is corresponding ciphertext “Unit” may be bit, letter, block of bits, etc. Who Knows What? Trudy knows the ciphertext Trudy knows the cipher and how it works Trudy might know a little more Trudy does not know the key Taxonomy of Cryptography Symmetric Key Same key for encryption as for decryp