专业英语2012.5.ppt

专 业 英 语 信号转导（signal transduction） WHAT is signal？ Physical:hot, cold, light（ beacon fire，烽火） , electrical, sound… Chemical:cytokines, hormone, neurotransmitter …细胞的信号转导特定的细胞释放信息物质(signal, ligand) →经扩散或血循环到达靶细胞(target cell) →与靶细胞的受体特异结合(receptor) →受体对信号进行转换并启动靶细胞内信使系统(transmembrane signal transduction ) →靶细胞产生生物学效应(biological effect) 细胞信号转导的过程 Molecular mechanism of signal transduction Wnt/ β-catenin siganl pathway Wnt/β-catenin siganl pathway ABSTRACT Secreted signaling factors of the Wnt protein family regulate many cellular processes, including cell fate decisions and cell proliferation（细胞增殖）, and aberrant （异常的）Wnt signaling is associated with tumorigenesis（肿瘤发生）. Many Wnt proteins act via a signaling pathway that results in stabilization（稳定） of β-catenin and consequent （随后的）transcriptional（转录的） activation of specific target genes. Mutations（突变） inβ-catenin or other Wnt pathway components, which result inβ-catenin accumulation, are found in a wide range of human cancers. In contrast, such mutations have been found only rarely in breast cancer. Nevertheless there is strong evidence of stabilization of β-catenin protein in a majority of human breast tumors. Moreover, studies in mouse model systems clearly demonstrate that activated Wnt signaling leads to ma’mmary（乳腺的） tumorigenesis. This review summarizes the current evidence implicating（涉及，牵涉） Wnt/β-catenin signaling in breast cancer and discusses several possible mechanisms（机制） by which the pathway may become activated. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION WNT PROTEINS AND THE WNT/β-CATENIN PATHWAY WNT SIGNALING ABNORMALITIES IN HUMAN CANCERS WNT SIGNALING IN MOUSE MAMMARY DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER WNT SIGNALING ABNORMALITIES IN HUMAN BREAST CANCERS ALTERNATIVE MECHANISMS OF β-CATENIN STABILIZATION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES INTRODUCTION（序言；引言；导论 ；前言） The Wnt family of secreted proteins is one of the most important families of intercellular（细胞间的） signaling factors in animal development. Intracellular:Wnt signali