第9章 热力学第二定律解说.ppt

Chapter 9 Thermodynamic Laws * 作业9.1 解： 0 p V A B C D E 70J -30J -100J Q=? 净功 Chapter 9 Thermodynamic Laws * Q 作业9.3T1=273K, 活塞：S=0.02m2, M=100kg；求Q=? 解： 等压膨胀过程 热源 大气压 p0 l2=0.4m l1=0.2m Chapter 9 Thermodynamic Laws * 作业9.5 1molHe, T0=273K, 求?T=? 解： 第一个过程是绝热自由膨胀， (p0,V0,T0)——(p1,2V0,T0) 2V0 He V0 He V0 第二个过程是准静态绝热压缩， Chapter 9 Thermodynamic Laws * 作业9.17 绝热，T0, V0, 求V,S, 解： （1）终态时，p1=p2=p, T1=T2=T V1+V2=V0 pV1=RT, pV2=2RT 1mol 双原子 2mol 单原子 (2)因为温度不变 Chapter 9 Thermodynamic Laws * （3）气体1 1mol 双原子 2mol 单原子 气体2 Chapter 9 Thermodynamic Laws * 例题：一定量的理想气体，由状态a经b到达c。（图中abc为一直线），求此过程中： （1）气体对外作的功； （2）气体内能的增量； （ 3）气体吸收的热量。 p(atm) V(l) 0 3 2 1 3 2 1 c b a 解： * * * * * * ii. Adiabatic Free Expansion An adiabatic free expansion is a process where both dQ and dW are zero for the system.? As a result, the change in internal energy is also zero.? A gas undergoing free expansion is in equilibrium only at its final and initial points.? There is therefore no way to describe the process between the two.? Also, because the change in energy is zero, the temperature change must also be zero since E = (3/2)kT.? This implies that the initial and final temperatures are equal.Figure 2. Adiabatic Free Expansion***Whoops, this physlet is incorrect. The gas should have equal amount in each chamber after the expansion.*** ? iii. Constant Pressure Expansion The final case needed for this demonstration involves the irreversible adiabatic expansion of a gas held at constant pressure.? We can assume that the atmosphere is a constant pressure system, since the container is small and will not affect the atmospheric pressure to a measurable degree. ? In this case, gas expands into a vacuum chamber from a constant pressure system. ? The result of holding the gas at constant pressure is that the final temperature will be greater than the initial temperature.? The assumption is made that the hole between the vacuum and gas is very small compared to the the size of the containers (712). ? T