第1章金属结构(免费阅读).pptVIP

Fundamentals of materials: their behavior and manufacturing properties 材料基础：材料行为及加工性能 The structure of metals 金属的结构 1 Introduction (介绍) Why are some metals hard and others soft? Why are some metals brittle, while others are ductile? Why some can withstand high temperatures, while other not? 为什么金属有的硬有的软？ 为什么金属有的脆，而有的延展性好？ 为什有的金属耐高温，而有的不行？ We can answer these by studying the stucture of metals---the arrangement of atoms within metals 我们可以回答这些，通过学习金属的结构----金属内原子的排列方式 The structure of metals greatly influences their behavior and properties 金属的结构影响金属的行为和性能 A knowledge of structures guides us in controlling and predicting the behavior and performance of metals in manufacturing processes, also allows us to predict and evaluate their properties. 金属结构的知识可以帮助我们控制和预测制造过程中金属的行为和性能，也使我们预测和评估金属的性能 In addition to atomic structure, various other factors also influence the properties and behavior of metals, they are : the composition of metal, impurities and vacancies in the atomic structure, grain size, grain boundaries, environment, size and surface condition of metal, and manufacturing method. 除了原子结构，还有各种影响金属行为和性能的其他因素，它们是：金属成分，原子结构中的杂质和空位，晶粒尺寸，晶界，环境，金属尺寸和表面条件，以及制造方法。 2 The crystal structure of metals（金属晶体结构） Crystals: when metals solidify from a molten state, the atoms arrange themselves into various orderly configurations 当金属从液态开始凝固时，原子将以各种有序的方式重新排列，称为晶体 Crystalline structure: the arrangement of atoms in the crystal. 晶体内的原子排列方式称为晶格结构 The samllest group of atoms showing the characteristic latice structure of a particular metal is known as a unit cell. It is the buiding block of a crystal, and a single crystal can have many unit cell. 能体现某种金属点阵结构特征的最小原子团体称为晶胞，晶胞是晶体的基本单元，单晶体中可由多个晶胞组成。 There are three basic atomic arrangement: Body-centered cubic (bcc)—alpha iron, chromium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten and vanadium. 体心立方（bcc）—α-Fe ，铬，钼，钽，钨，钒。 Face-centered cubic (fcc)—gamma iron, aluminum, copper, nickel, lead, silver, gold, and platinum 面心立方 (fcc)—γ-Fe ，铝，铜，镍，铅，银，金，铂。 Hex