Unit8 Decision Making课件.pptVIP

Theme Decision making 决策就是选择 工作的基础 L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this Unit. The Decision-Making Process Define decision and decision-making process. Introduce the types of Decisions. Describe the eight steps in the decision-making process. Explain the challenges managers face in identifying problems. 决策的定义 决策定义可以作出如下的理解（周三多2000：58 ）： 决策的主体是管理者（个体，集体或小组）。 决策的本质是一个过程，这一个过程由多个步骤组成（决策的过程）。 决策的目的是：解决问题或利用机会。 决策Decision Making与解决问题Problem Solving是有区别的(许庆瑞2000：210) 。 Decision Making and Problem Solving Decision making The process of choosing from among various alternatives. Problem solving The process of determining the appropriate responses or actions necessary to alleviate a problem. Problem solving necessarily involves decision making, but not all decisions involve problems. Types of Decisions Programmed andNon-programmed Decisions Programmed decisions Decisions that are reached by following an established or systematic procedure. Eg. Routine, repetitive decisions (monthly product ordering ) Non-programmed decisions Decisions that have little or no precedent. Relatively unstructured. Generally require a creative approach by the decision maker. Eg. New product development, set goal 程序化决策和非程序化决策 结构化问题： 简单、熟悉、确定 程序化决策 程序、规则、政策 例子：退货处理 非结构化问题： 新的、不寻常、难以确定 非程序化决策 例子：项目投资 S7 Participation in Decision Making A. Group decision making has many advantages—usually better decisions, innovative and creative solutions, avoids more mistakes. B. Group decision making also has some disadvantages—takes longer, may be more risky, may be more extreme. S7 Group Decision Making Positive aspects: The sum total of the group’s knowledge is greater. The group possesses a much wider range of alternatives in the decision process. Participation in the decision-making process increases the acceptance of the decision by group members. Group members better understand the decision and the alternatives considered. S7 G