佩雷尔曼完爆陶哲轩 陶哲轩评述佩雷尔曼的庞加莱猜想证明.docVIP

佩雷尔曼完爆陶哲轩 陶哲轩评述佩雷尔曼的庞加莱猜想证明 6 2 t c O 9 2 ] GD . th a m [ 1 v 3 9 1 6 / tha m :v i Xr aPERELMAN’SPROOFOFTHEPOINCARE′CONJECTURE:ANONLINEARPDEPERSPECTIVETE… 　　人生其实就像一条从宽阔的平原通往森林的路。在平原上，人们可以结伴而行，欢乐地前推后挤、追打嬉戏；一旦进入森林，因为草丛和荆棘挡路，所以各人专心走各人的路、寻找各人的方向。那推推挤挤的群体感情，那无忧无虑无猜忌的同伴深情，在人的一生中也只有少年时… 在复杂的商业社会，你想创业，不懂经济，不懂商业，不懂人情世故，不懂法律边沿，你只有勇气，只有梦想，只有天真，只有一场空。 这20部电影可以学到的商业社会必须的经济常识，以及每天都发生着的经济欺诈。 这20部电影都是英语国家孩子在学习商业知识方面必须看… 6 2 t c O 9 2 ] GD . th a m [ 1 v 3 9 1 6 / tha m :v i Xr aPERELMANSPROOFOFTHEPOINCARE′CONJECTURE:ANONLINEARPDEPERSPECTIVETERENCETAOAbstract.WediscusssomeofthekeyideasofPerelman’sproofofPoincar′e’sconjectureviatheHamiltonprogramofusingtheRicci?ow,fromtheperspec-tiveofthemoderntheoryofnonlinearpartialdi?erentialequations.1.Introduction1.1.Perelman’stheorem.Inthreeremarkablepapers[28],[29],[30]in2003,GrishaPerelmansigni?cantlyadvancedthetheoryoftheRicci?ow,whichwasaquasilinearPDEintroducedbyRichardHamilton[16]andthenextensivelystudiedbyHamiltonandothersinaprogramtounderstandthetopologyofmanifolds.Inparticular,in[29]Perelmanshowedthatinthreespatialdimensionstherewasawell-de?nedRicci?owwithsurgeryprocedure,whichistheRicci?owPDEpunctuatedatadiscretesetoftimesbycarefullychosensurgeryoperationswhichmaypossiblychangethetopologyofthemanifold,withthefollowingremarkableproperty:Theorem1.2(Perelman’stheorem,?nitetimeextinctioncase).[28],[29],[30]LetM=(M0,g0)beaclosedsmooththree-dimensionalcompactRiemmanianmani-foldwhosefundamentalgroupisafreeproductof?nitegroupsandin?nitesimplegroups1.ThentheRicci?owwithsurgeryt→Mt=(Mt,gt)iswell-de?nedforallt≥0,andbecomesextinctin?nitetime(thusthereexistsT?suchthatMt=?foralltT?).Furthermore,atalltimest≥0themanifoldMtistopologicallyequiv-alenttoa?niteunionofconnectedsumsofquotientsofS3(whichinparticularincludestheprojectivespaceRP3asaspecialcase),andS2-bundlesoverS1.Applyingtheconclusionofthistheorematt=0,andusingstandardtopologicalmethodstodetectwhichofthepossibleconnectedsumsaresimplyconnected,oneobtain