第三课 斯宾赛1课件.pptVIP

——给孩子提供决策的机会和权利快乐性格的养成与指导和控制孩子的行为有着密切的联系。父母要设法给孩子提供机会，使孩子从小就知道怎样使用自己的决策权。 ——保持家庭生活的美满与和谐家庭和睦也是培养孩子快乐性格的一个主要因素。根据有关资料统计，幸福的家庭中成长起来的孩子，成年后能幸福生活的比在不幸家庭成长起来的孩子要多得多。 ——父母教孩子调整心理状态首先应使孩子明白，有些人一生快乐，其秘诀在于有适应力很强的心理状态，这使他们能很快从失望中振作起来。在孩子受到某种挫折时，要让他知道前途总是光明的，并教孩子注重调整心理状态，使其恢复快乐的心情 Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, students should be able to: 1.compare and contrast Spencer and Comte; 2.describe the evolution of society according to Spencer, utilizing his ideas of integration, heterogeneity, definiteness, and coherence; 3.discuss Spencers notion of society as an organism and the roles of cooperation and structures in the evolution of society; 4.distinguish between regulative and sustaining structures and apply these concepts to discuss the differences between militant and industrial societies; * 第三课 斯宾塞的社会进化理论 Herbert Spencer and His Evolutionary Theory (1820_1903) 主要内容（main points) 社会有机论 The Organic of the Society 社会进化理论 Evolutionary theory 个体主义方法论 Methodological individualism Biographical Sketch and works In 1820,Spencer was born in Derby, England on 27 April 1820 . In 1837 he began work as a Civil engineer for a railway, an occupation he held until 1846. From 1848 to 1853, Spencer worked as a writer and subeditor (助理编辑)for The Economist . In 1851 Spencers first book, Social Statics. in 1853 ,Upon the death of his uncle Thomas, Spencer received a small inheritance which allowed him to devote himself to writing without depending on regular employment. The Principles of Psychology(1卷，1855); First Principles (1860-1862); Principles of Biology(1864-1867); The Principles of Psychology (2卷，1870-1872); The Principles of Sociology(1876-1896); The Principles of Ethics(1879-1893). Spencers health significantly deteriorated in the last two decades of his life, and he died in relative seclusion, following a long illness, on December 8, 1903. 在他的一生中,最值得提及的是他几乎没有进过正规的学堂，父亲和叔父是他的家庭老师，