中科院-脊椎动物案例.ppt

cladogram 6 features in one tree (6.4 C) HdSp3 OcSg2 Th4Sp2 are autapomorphous 4 feature trees are compatible (6.4 C-F) one (6.4 B) is groups TriA with TriE, this is in distinct conflict with the others, therefore assumed to be parallel evolution cladogram 6.4 C, 6 features show that D and E form a monophyletic group 6.4 D, shows that C, D, and E form another, larger monophyletic group 6.4 F, supports the same conclusion combine into single cladogram (6.5) nodes (1-4) are speciation events Tri B has no character on its clade (branch), possible that B and node 2 are the same, but possilbe that characters unique to B have been missed Cladistics Principle of Parsimony The simplest solution to the distribution of characters - i.e. the fewest number of branching events - is probably the correct solution this represents the smallest number of homoplasies Cladistics What about ancestors? Nodes represent most recent common ancestors - the point of origination of a synapomorphy usually treated as hypothetical entities if one member of a clade is not distinguished from the node by any (or very few) synapomorphies, it may be the ancestor of the other taxa in the clade Cladistics A cladogram is a testable hypothesis of relationships with addition of new characters or character states with addition of different taxa with selection of a different outgroup,polarity, character weighting, ordering, etc. Cladogram to phylogram Express anagenesis length and angle of branches of cladogram changed to reflect amount of change inferred for each branch resulting phylogram (6.6) shows that ABC group (paraphyletic) and DE (monophyletic) are distinct (major gaps between nodes 3 and 4 Phenogram (6.2) and phylogram (6.6) demonstrate similarities in ABC and DE, but branching sequences are different cladogram (6.5) and phylogram have identical branching patterns, but similarities of ABC are not evident in 6.5 Phylogenetic Classification taxonomy based on strict interpretation of cladogram def