西方文化 孟庚.pptVIP

The history of middle ages A . History B . Important historic events . History Middle Ages (AD476 -1453), is an era in European history (mostly Western Europe), from the end of the Western Roman Empire to the Renaissance .It was also called “the dark ages .” Why A . It was a period of some negative and repressive influence from the Roman Catholic church . B .This period was characterized by frequent economic and political crises and social conflicts . C .There were many revolts and clashes arising from the cruelty of the tyrannical rulers and their unstrained demands for more power and territory . Why Another view is that: until the ninth century, the vast majority of Late Antiquity scholars(近古学者) are in accordance with St. Augustine‘s view that the history of mankind is in the sixth phase which is also the final stage---“ the predicted ”doomsday“ in Bible” in “Revelation (圣经启示录中预言的末日)and therefore there is a dark meaning . History With the Western Roman Empire destroyed by the Germans, there appeared a number of barbarian countries. There have been Frank, Lombard(伦巴德), Aoduoyake(奥多亚克), Burgundy(勃艮第), the Vandals – Alan(汪达尔-阿兰), the East Goths(东哥特), Visigoths(西哥特), Anglo-Sa Johnson(盎格鲁·萨可逊), etc. Many wars broke out among these kingdoms, and among these countries , the Anglo-Sa Johnson and the Frankish kingdom existed for a long time. the Frankish kingdom As a branch of Germans，Franks defeated the Gauls in 486, and Clovis established the Merovingian dynasty‘s rule(墨洛温王朝). With the continuous expansion of the Frankish kingdom, until the mid-6th century, it conquered Burgundy(勃艮第) , Thuringia(图林根), Bavaria(巴伐利亚)and some tribes of Johnson, became the most powerful country in Western Europe, and established a feudal feoff system （采邑制） . 采邑制，是中世纪在西欧实施的一种土地占有制度。采邑原指西欧中世纪早期国王封赏给臣属终身享有的土地。法兰克王国墨洛温王朝时期，国王对于服军役或执行其他任务的臣属，以封赐土地或金钱等作为恩赏，称作采邑（采邑一词的原意即恩赏，拉丁文为beneficium）不能世袭。 采邑制这种形式对于提高国家的战斗力很有帮助，而且通过采邑制逐渐形成了一种封建等级制度：国王、公爵、侯爵、 伯爵、子爵、男爵、 骑士。拥有采邑