Chemical Kinetics SFASU化学动力学 sfasu.ppt

Section 13Chemical Kinetics Reaction Rates Reaction Rates The questions posed in this chapter that we will answer are: Reaction Rates Chemical kinetics is the study of reaction rates, how reaction rates change under varying conditions (how fast reactants consumed and products are formed), and what molecular events occur during the overall reaction (mechanism – pathway or series of step for reaction). Definition of Reaction Rate The reaction rate is a positive quantity that expresses how the concentration of a reactant or product changes with time. Definition of Reaction Rates Consider the gas-phase decomposition of dinitrogen pentoxide. Figure: The instantaneous rate of reaction Figure: Calculation of the average rate. Definition of Reaction Rates Definition of Reaction Rates Because the amounts of products and reactants are related by stoichiometry, any substance in the reaction can be used to express the rate. The rate of decomposition of N2O5 and the formation of O2 are easily related. Experimental Determination of Reaction Rates To obtain the rate of a reaction you must determine the concentration of a reactant or product during the course of the reaction. Experimental Determination of Reaction Rates Gas-phase partial pressures is one way: Dependence of Rate on Concentration Experimentally, it has been found that the rate of a reaction depends on the concentration of certain reactants (not always all reactants) as well as catalysts. Dependence of Rate on Concentration When the concentration of nitrogen dioxide is doubled, the reaction rate doubles. (linear effect) Dependence of Rate on Concentration A rate law is an equation that relates the rate of a reaction to the concentration of reactants (and catalyst) raised to various powers. Dependence of Rate on Concentration As a more general example, consider the reaction of substances A and B to give D and E. Dependence of Rate on Concentration Reaction Order Dependence of Rate on Concentration Reaction O