CHEMICAL REACTIONS University of Minnesota Duluth明尼苏达大学化学反应德卢斯.ppt

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CHEMICAL REACTIONS University of Minnesota Duluth明尼苏达大学化学反应德卢斯.ppt

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Aqueous Solutions and Solution Chemistry Aqueous Solutions Electrolytes Reaction Types Aqueous Solutions Solution: homogeneous mixture or more than one compound Aqueous solution: Water is the solvent and the other species (present in small amounts) are the solutes. The symbol aq means the compound is dissolved in water. E.g. KCl(aq), MgCl2(aq) Why is Water a Good Solvent? Because water is polar (there is a charge separation between the O and H atoms), it has a very high capacity to dissolve ionic cmps. The negative end of water (O) attracts cations (+) in the solid compound. The positive end (H) attracts the anions (-) in the solid. When ionic cmps (or electrolytes) dissolve in water, a solution of ions (cations and anions) forms. Figure 4.1 The Water Molecule is POLAR (note net partial charges on O and H) Fig 4.2 Polar H2O Molecules Interact with the + and - Ions of a Salt Assisting in the Dissolving Process (hydration) Strong Electrolytes Three classes of strong electrolytes (cmps that dissolve @100% in water producing ions; these solns conduct electricity) soluble salts (ionic cmps) strong acids: cmps that produce H+(aq) and anion in water: HBr(aq) ? H+(aq) + Br-(aq) strong bases: cmps that produce OH-(aq) and cation in water: KOH(aq) ? K+(aq) + OH-(aq) Weak Electrolytes Compounds that do not dissolve in water or only a small fraction dissolves in water thus producing a small amount of ions. These cmps include insoluble salts, weak acids and weak bases. When a solid insoluble salt is added to water, most of it sinks to the bottom of the beaker as a solid. Aqueous Solutions (2) Water can also dissolve nonionic cmps, especially those that are polar. (ethanol) Finally, many nonpolar molecules dissolve in water but do not produce ions in water; these are nonelectrolytes (sucrose, glycerol). Types of Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Precipitation is the formation of solid or insoluble salt from two aqueous solutions. Acid-Base neutralization is the