1 医学细胞生物学绪论.ppt

* for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death * for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system * for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease * for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA * for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells * for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer“；for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus * for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase * 2011年9月30日，拉尔夫·斯坦曼在宣布获得诺贝尔奖的前几天因胰腺癌去世，他4年前被诊断患胰腺癌，利用他自己发现的免疫疗法，他通过一个树突细胞延长了生命。 人类及其他动物依靠免疫系统抵抗细菌等微生物的侵害，博伊特勒和霍夫曼发现了关键受体蛋白质，它们能够识别微生物对动物机体的攻击并激活免疫系统，这是免疫反应的第一步。斯坦曼则发现了能够激活并调节适应性免疫的树突细胞，这种细胞促使免疫反应进入下一阶段并将微生物清除出机体。 * The Nobel Prize recognizes two scientists who discovered that mature, specialised cells can be reprogrammed to become immature cells capable of developing into all tissues of the body. Their findings have revolutionised our understanding of how cells and organisms develop. John B. Gurdon discovered in 1962 that the specialisation of cells is reversible. In a classic experiment, he replaced the immature cell nucleus in an egg cell of a frog with the nucleus from a mature intestinal cell. This modified egg cell developed into a normal tadpole. The DNA of the mature cell still had all the information needed to develop all cells in the frog. Shinya Yamanaka discovered more than 40 years later, in 2006, how intact mature cells in mice could be reprogrammed to become immature stem cells. Surprisingly, by introducing only a few genes, he could reprogram mature cells to become pluripotent stem cells, i.e. immature cells that are able to develop into all types of cells in the body. * 英国剑桥大学的Roy Y. Calne和美国匹兹堡大学的Thomas E. Starzl，因在肝脏移植方面的成就获得2012年拉斯克