第二章 岩石讲述.ppt

? pyroxenire (辉岩)? 1 abyssal intrusive rock 2 well crystallization 3 amphibole, phyroxene feldspar Basalts are dark colored, fine-grained extrusive rock. The mineral grains are so fine that they are impossible to distinguish with the naked eye or even a magnifying glass（放大镜）. They are the most widespread of all the igneous rocks. Most basalts are volcanic in origin and were formed by the rapid cooling and hardening of the lava flows. Some basalts are intrusive having cooled inside the Earths interior. ? basalt 玄武岩 1 ultrabasic rock（超基性岩石） (sio245%) 2 abyssal intrusive rock（深成岩） 3 well crystallization（结晶好） 4 olivine ；pgroxene ? olivine rock(橄榄岩) ? Obsidian黑耀岩 Obsidian is a very shiny natural volcanic glass. When obsidian breaks it fractures with a distinct conchoidal（贝壳状的） fracture. Notice in the photo to the left how it fractures. Obsidian is produced when lava cools very quickly. The lava cools so quickly that no crystals can form. When people make glass they melt silica rocks like sand and quartz then cool it rapidly by placing it in water. Obsidian is produced in nature in a similar way. Obsidian is usually black or a very dark green, but it can also be found in an almost clear form. Pumice is a very light colored, frothy（起泡的） volcanic rock. Pumice is formed from lava that is full of gas. The lava is ejected and shot through the air during an eruption. As the lava hurtles（急飞） through the air it cools and the gases escape leaving the rock full of holes. ? Pumice（浮石） Pumice is so light that it actually floats on water. Huge pumice blocks have been seen floating on the ocean after large eruptions. Some lava blocks are large enough to carry small animals. 三、sedimentary rock（沉积岩） 1 the formation of sedimentary rock: For thousands, even millions of years, little pieces of our earth have been eroded--broken down and worn away by wind and water. These little bits of our earth are washed downstream where they