Unit-14.doc

Unit 14 Bridge Introduction 桥梁概论 内容概要 桥梁是道路上跨越山谷、河流、路线等障碍物的工程结构物，桥梁工程是土木工程一个分支。本文从桥梁的定义出发，阐明了桥梁的功能，在介绍桥梁组成部分的同时，对桥梁的每一组成部分的构造特点及其作用进行的准确地阐述。并对常见的拱桥、板桥、T梁桥、弓弦式梁桥、悬索桥、斜拉桥、钢桥等桥梁类型，逐一介绍了该类桥梁的构造特点、适用范围，并举例说明。 A. Text Bridges A bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle such as a valley, road, railway, canal, river, without closing the way beneath. The required passage may be for road, railway, canal, pipeline, cycle track or pedestrians. The branch of civil engineering which deals with the design, planning construction and maintenance of bridge is known as bridge engineering. 1. Components of a bridge Figure 14-1 (a) shows the elevation while Fig. 14-1 (b) presents the plan of a bridge. Broadly, a bridge can be divided into two major parts: superstructure and substructure. The superstructure of a bridge is analogous to a single storey building roof and substructure to that of the walls, columns and foundations supporting it. Superstructure consists of structural members carrying a communication route. Thus handrails, guardstones and flooring supported by any structural system, such as beams, girders, arches and cables, above the level of bearings form the superstructure. Substructure is a supporting system for the superstructure. It consists of piers, abutments, wingwalls and foundations for the piers and abutments. The other main parts of a bridge structure are the approaches, bearings and river training works, such as the aprons, and the rivetment for slopes at abutments, etc. Some of the important components of a bridge are explained in this section. Piers: These are provided in between the two extreme supports of the bridge (abutments) and in the bed of the river to reduce the span and share the total load coming over the bridge. Piers are provided with foundation which is taken below the bed of the river where hard soil is available. Abutments: The end supports of a bridge superstructure are called abutments. It may be of