教育心理学复习资料(名词解释中文理解).docx

教育心理学复习资料发展的概念五种发展，身体physical development(change in body)，个人personal development(changes in an individual’s personality), 社会social development（changes in the way an individual relates to others）,认知cognitive development（changes in thinking）发展的特点，有序(orderly process)，逐渐(takes place gradually)，速率不一(at different rates)1.语言发展是在情境中，有一定目的性的2.语言构建模块，语音，语义，句法，语用婴儿期的语言发展，babbling儿童期发展，three-word in native language order, 通常犯三种错误，overextension, under extension, Over regularization(忽略特殊语法)儿童中期的语言发展（变化*源语言意识）青春期语言发展成年人角色（四个，joint attention, child-directed speech, expansion and recasting, large input）母语与第二语言发展的相同点（早期依赖常规用语，僵硬语言块，泛化）为何学第二外语较难？错过关键期，缺少强度（热情），与文化，心理发展不匹配，学习过程的沮丧焦虑皮亚杰认知发展理论四个阶段：【感知运动阶段sensorimotor，前运算阶段preoperational，具体运算阶段concrete-operational，形式运算阶段formal-operational】Sensorimotor: involving the senses and motor activityPreoperational: the stage before a child master logical mental operations孩子掌握逻辑心理运算的前一阶段Concrete operations: mental task tied to concrete objects and situations.心里任务与具体对象和情况相关联Formal operations: mental tasks involving abstract thinking and coordination of a number of variables涉及抽象思考和协调一组变量的心理任务里程碑：Object permanence, goal-directed action, and deferred imitationInfants explore the world through their senses and motor activity, andwork toward mastering object permanence and performing goal-directed activities. 婴儿通过感觉和运动活动探索世界，并努力掌握客体永久性和进行有目的的活动。Object permanence：the understanding that objects have a separate, permanent existence.对象是单独永久存在的。goal-directed action：deliberate actions toward a goal 向一个目标采取的特意行为里程碑：Symbolic thought这一阶段思想的局限性：Concentration, one-way logic, egocentrism, animismSymbolic thinking and logical operations begin. 开始象征性思考和逻辑运算。Semiotic function: the ability to use symbols to represent actions or objects mentally.能够在精神上使用符号表示动作或对象Egocentric: assuming that others experience the world the way you do 假设别人体验世界的方式与自己一样Collective monologue: 孩子在群体说话但并没有真正的交流和互动的说话形式里程碑：Conservation, identity, reversibility, compensation, classification(class inc