文化生态学简介.docx

Cultural ecology 文化生态学朱利安·斯图尔德斯图尔德仿美美国人类学家，新进化论代表人物之一，生于华盛顿市。1921年在加利福尼亚大学选修克鲁伯、罗维的人类学课，开始对人类学发生兴趣。1922年转学至康奈尔大学，获学七学位后，又到加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校从卡尔·索尔学习，1929年获博士学位。后在密执安大学、犹他大学和加利福尼亚人学供职，主要从事大盆地的考古研究。1935年在史密森学会民族学部和美国民族学事务局工作，从事厄瓜多尔、秘鲁等地的调查工作。1935年在史密森研究院中建立社会人类学研究所，任所长。1940年任哥伦比亚大学教授，1952年转到斯大学任教授，并同奥斯长·刘易斯等人一起建立该校的人类学系。1952年曾获人类学研究温内格仁基金会的韦金奖章。他以提出“多线进化论“和“文化生态学”理论而著名。Julian Haynes Steward (January 31, 1902 – February 6, 1972) was an American anthropologist best known for his role in developing the concept and method of cultural ecology, as well as a scientific theory of culture change.Steward was born in Washington, D.C., where he lived on Monroe Street, NW, and later, Macomb Street in Cleveland Park.At age 16, Steward left an unhappy childhood in Washington, D.C. to attend boarding school in Owens Valley, California, at the edge of the Great Basin. Stewards experience at the newly established Deep Springs Preparatory School (which later became Deep Springs College), high in the south-eastern Sierra Nevada had a significant influence on his academic and career interests. Steward’s “direct engagement” with the land (specifically, subsistence through irrigation and ranching) and the Northern Paiute that lived there became a “catalyst” 催化剂for his theory and method of cultural ecology. (Kerns 1999; Murphy 1977)As an undergraduate, Steward studied for a year at Berkeley under Alfred Kroeber and Robert Lowie, after which he transferred to Cornell University, from which he graduated in 1925 with a B.Sc. in Zoology. Although Cornell, like most universities at the time, had no anthropology department, its president, Livingston Farrand,康奈尔大学的校长、人类学家利文斯顿·法兰德(had previously held appointment as a professor of anthropology at Columbia 哥伦比亚University. Farrand advised Steward to continue pursuing his interest (or, in Stewards words, his already chosen life work) in anthropology at Berkeley伯克利 (Kerns 2003:71-72). Steward studied under Kroeber and Lowie at Berkeley, where his dissertation