武汉理工材料概论重点.docVIP

Definition 材料的定义： The materials making up the surrounding world consist of discrete particles, having a submicroscopic size.材料制作了周围的世界由离散粒子,拥有一个亚微观的大小。 Atomic structure and the nature of bonds(原子结构和化学键) —metals and their alloys (metallic bonding 金属键) —organic polymers 有机聚合物(covalent bonding and secondary bonding 共价键和二次键) —ceramics (ionic bonding and covalent bonding离子键和共价键) Mechanical properties：力学性能 Which reflect the behavior of materials, deformed by a set of forces （概念） 这反映材料的行为, 使...残缺，使...变形 Four basic types of stresses : tensile, compressive, shear ,torsion (拉力，压力，剪切力，扭转力) Physical properties:物理性能 the behavior of materials subjected to the action of temperature, electric or magnetic fields, or light.材料的行为受到的动作温度、电场或磁场,或者光。 电性能Electric properties 磁性能Magnetic properties 热性能Thermal properties 光性能Optical properties Chemical properties:化学性能 Which characterize the behavior of material in a reactive environment. （概念） 用材料的行为在一个无功的环境。 The four basic aspects of materials science and technology are: manufacturing processing, structure, properties and performances 这四个基本方面的材料科学和技术:生产加工、结构、性质和性能 First, the processing of a material affects the structure, second the original structure and properties determine how we can process the material to produce a desired shape 首先,在处理材料影响结构,第二个原始的结构和性质决定我们如何处理材料产生想要的形状 一、METAL:（金属） 1、金属最显著的特性：good conductors of heat and electricity (热导性，电导性) 2、性能:are opaque to visible light; are hard, rigid; can undergo plastic deformation; have a high melting temperature.是不透明的,可见光;是很难的,严格的,可以进行塑性变形;有一个高熔点温度吗 3、金属的晶体点阵： crystal structure（晶体结构） : body-centered cubic structure , face-centered cubic structure , hexagonal close-packed structure（体型、面型，六角形放射状） properties of alloys（合金的性能） :(more carbon ,more brittle.) have relatively high thermal and electrical conductivities; good energy absorption characteristics ;nonmagnetic properties (更多的碳,更脆弱)。有相对较高的热导率和电;良好的能量吸收特性;非磁性特性 铸铁概念：cast iron, essentially an alloy of iron, carbon and