论软件业国际竞争和商务战略.docx

摘要研究软件企业的国际竞争需要一个内外结合、具有动态解释力的综合性理论框架。本文以国际化的视角考察动态竞争环境下的软件企业，将产业结构分析、价值链分析和企业内部资源、能力、知识分析相结合，旨在找出软件企业所需的核心能力，并深入追溯企业可持续竞争优势的源泉。以此为基础，考察软件企业在以资源为基础，获取核心能力的过程中所实施的两种基本的国际竞争战略：离岸业务外包与国际战略联盟，以得出其内在规律性并以此为企业提供策略指导。软件业从总体上来讲具有低进入壁垒的特性，这决定了软件业竞争的动态性。系统软件市场是大型软件跨国企业全球竞争的主要领域。企业平均利润率最低的是大众软件市场，其竞争相当激烈。“标准”的竞争是软件业竞争的最高目标，但“标准”作为软件企业的资源具有可替代性，因而不能成为企业可持续竞争优势的来源。软件企业的可持续竞争优势最终来源于其核心知识。企业学习核心知识的速度决定了企业的持续创新能力，并在长期决定企业的竞争优势的可持续性。从战略上来说，软件企业的核心能力必须受到保护而被排除在业务外包选择对象之外；企业会选择业务外包战略来形成其附属能力；当通讯和交通等基础设施发展到足以使离岸的边际成本与国外廉价劳动力带来的边际收益相等时，企业更倾向于进行离岸外包。软件企业的国际战略联盟主要有四方面的动因：创造租金、资源扩张、资源使用的多元化和资源的模仿。联盟主要出现在解决方案市场，且多为市场与技术的互补性联盟。我国软件企业面对国际竞争应该努力构建自身的竞争优势：培养战略超前意识，把握软件业发展的方向；创建学习型组织，不断提高创新能力；突破关键技术，并将其产品化；向 CMM 认证标准靠拢，全面提高企业管理能力。关键词：软件企业；国际竞争；可持续竞争优势；竞争战略AbstractA comprehensive theoretical framework that building on a dynamic approachand integrated with inside and outside of firm is needed while analyzing softwareenterprises’ international competition . This paper analyzes the resources, abilities andknowledge of the software enterprises in order to find the core competences neededand thoroughly trace back to the sources of the core competences and the sustainablecompetitive advantages based on the analyses of the industry structure and the valuechain. Then, the strategies are formed in the processes of obtaining the corecompetences based on the resources in the specified industry environment.The software market has a low enter barrier on the whole, which determinatesthe dynamic characteristic in competition. The system software market is the maincompeting domain for the large software multinational enterprise. While the profitmargin of the pop-software market is the lowest, and competitions in it is veryfiercely.The core competences of software enterprises lead to their competitiveadvantages, which need the support of the core knowledge resulting in the sustainablecompetitive advantage. The pace of learning core knowledge will decide thesustainable innovation ability and the persistence of its