b i o m e a s u r e m e n t2202- u w a b i o p h y s i c s（b i o m e s u r e m e n t2202 u w b i o p h y s i c s）.docVIP

BIOMEASUREMENT 2202 Sensing - hearing S2 Biological acoustics IV - reception. The transmission and reflection of sound at a boundary When a sound wave travels through a medium as a plane wave and meets a plane boundary, some sound is transmitted to the second medium while a part is reflected back. The complex notation for a plane wave travelling in the +x direction is: ei(?t - kx) For a frequency ? the wavelength will be different in each medium depending on the speeds of sound in each. Since the wave number k is the reciprocal of wavelength, these will also be medium dependent. k1 = k2 = In each medium pressure is related to the velocity by the acoustic impedance of the medium, p?=?Z?v. To distinguish between open situations and guided or ducted waves two definitions of impedance are commonly employed: definition value units characteristics specific acoustic impedance ? c kg m-2 s-1 property of the medium only acoustic impedance kg m-4 s-1 medium and duct area S Within each medium we can apply the specific acoustic impedance relationship: p = ? c v material c (m s-1) Z (kg m-2 s-1) liver 1578 1.66 x 106 kidney 1560 1.64 x 106 fat 1430 1.33 x 106 water 1480 1.48 x 106 bone 3190 – 3406 6.47 x 106 air 333 430  The three waves at the boundary may be written as: incident pi = Ai ei(?t - k1x) reflected pr = Ar ei(?t +k1x) transmitted pt = At ei(?t - k2x) At the boundary the pressure on each side is equal albeit changing with time: pi + pr = pt Choosing the boundary as origin for x we have: Ai ei?t + Ar ei?t = At ei?t hence Ai + Ar = At The particle velocity at x = 0 also must agree across the boundary. vi + vr = vt hence - = and similarly - = Combining the two equations above and eliminating At yields: ? = = This ratio is termed the reflection coefficient and is often written as ?. For the gen