carbondioxideinwaterequilibrium- universityof hawaii（carbondioxideinwaterequilibrium -夏威夷大学）.docVIP

CARBON IN LAKES I. The CO2 carbonate system A. Sources and Sinks of CO2 1) Sources a) atmosphere ~ 333 ppm b) respiration c) combustion i. natural ii industrial d) solution 2) Sinks a) photosynthesis b) biomass c) sedimentation / precipitation B. Solubility in the CO2 system 1) CO2 g ~1% 2) Solution Pure water @ pH 7.0 - Henry’s law @ 20oC 38 mmol l-1 [1689 mgl-1] C. Chemistry of CO2 1) Hydration of CO2 g CO2 + H2O ( H2CO3 H2CO3 ( HCO3- + H+ HCO3 ( CO3= + H+ 2) relations with pH High pH CO3= dominates Mid range pH HCO3- dominates Low pH H2CO3 {CO2} dominates 3) Effects of Calcium (and Magnesium) Ca(HCO3)2 ( CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Buffering capacity Alkalinity II. Biological Factors influencing Carbon in lakes A. Photosynthesis 1) Photosynthesis and pH 2) Carbon limitation B. Respiration 1) Respiration and pH 2) BOD C. Organic Carbon 1) Losses 2) Sinks Carbon dioxide in water equilibrium 1. Introduction Carbon dioxide does dissolve in water, however the system is somewhat complex[1]. First the CO2 dissolves according to: CO2 (g) ( CO2 (l) At room temperature, the solubility of carbon dioxide is about 90 cm3 of CO2 per 100 ml water (cl/cg = 0.8). Any water-soluble gas becomes more soluble as the temperature decreases, due to the thermodynamics of the reaction: GAS (l) ( GAS (g). The entropy change, ?S, of this reaction is positive because the gas molecules are less constrained than the gas molecules in solution. The change in Free energy of reaction with an increase in temperature is -??S. This effect is particularly large for gases like CO2 that undergo specific reactions with water. Equilibrium is established between the dissolved CO2 and H2CO3, carbonic acid. CO2 (l) + H2O (l) ( H2CO3 (l) This reaction is kinetically slow. At equilibrium, only a small fraction (ca. 0.2 - 1%) of the dissolved CO2 is actually converted to H2CO3. Most of the CO2 remains as solv