chapter i i- universityof bucharest（第一章我-布加勒斯特大学）.docVIP

Chapter II ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL II.1. INTRODUCTION Most of the analytical techniques find their applicability in environmental control, from the simplest to the most complicated one. This has increased the difficulty for the creation of this course that attempts to present over a small length and in a concise and clear manner the most important analytical techniques being applied in the mentioned domain. Regardless of the technique for obtaining the analytical data, in order to be relevant and useful in practice, they must be interpreted statistically and because of this at the beginning of this course we introduced a short chapter on basic statistics. In the following chapters a few basic notions regarding the sampling and the preparing of the sample for analysis were presented. This stage is extremely important for the analytical determination, especially when environmental samples are analyzed and, often, proper attention is not paid to it. The fact is known that generally the sampling and sample preparing for analysis generate the largest errors in environmental analysis. After that, the material was structured in two big chapters as follows: analytical techniques used for environmental analyses and methods for the monitoring of the most important pollutants. For the presentation of the analytical techniques a fairly large importance was given to the “classical” methods like gravimetry and volumetry, these techniques maintaining a certain importance in almost all the environmental control laboratories. Afterwards, the most important instrumental analysis techniques were presented in a concise manner (in our opinion) with applications for environmental control as follows: spectrophotometric methods in UV and VIS, methods based on the atomic emission and absorption, electrochemical methods, chromatographic methods, mass spectrometry and the hyphenated GC-MS technique. Due to their