chapter11- stress, strainand deformationin solids（第十一章力、strainand deformationin solids）.docVIP

Chapter 8 - Stress, Strain and Deformation in Solids For a beam in bending, we are often interested in determining the transverse displacement along the beam as shown below. To do that, we would start with Conservation of Linear Momentum. Unfortunately, COLM is in terms of stress, . Consequently, we must have some way to relate stress to deformation. We will need additional equations as follows: Constitutive relations - relate stress to strain Kinematic relations - relate strain to displacement (gradients) In the study of the motion of a solid or fluid, we will find it necessary to describe the kinematic behavior of a continuum body by defining expressions called strains in terms of the gradients of displacement components. In the example below, we consider an elastic bar of length L. If the bar is subjected by an axial force F, it will stretch an amount ( as shown in figure b). The quantity (/L is a measure of the change in length relative to the original length and is defined to be the axial strain for the bar. In figure d), a shear load is applied that is parallel to the top surface as shown. The angle ( measures the amount the original right angle in figure c) has changed from a right angle, and the angle ( is related to the shear strain. What causes strain? Mechanical loads (forces, pressures, etc.) Temperature change (thermal expansion) Moisture absorption ** Stress (relationship between stress and strain is the constitutive relationship) In this chapter we will mathematically formalize these simple ideas to develop expressions for strains in terms of displacement components. We will consider two approaches: 1) mathematically precise approach and 2) a simpler geometrical approach. Deformations in solids are characterized by displacements of points and by elongations and rotations of line segments in the solid. Note the following geometry quantities: P moves to P*, Q moves to Q*, line segment P-Q deforms (stretches/rotates