ldiscriminatorwwidthandthresholdadjustment，乐croy465（ldiscriminatorwwidthandthresholdadjustment, le croy465）.docVIP

l discriminator w/width and threshold adjustment, LeCroy 465 triple coincidence unit (4 ands, 1 veto), Canberra 2143 Time Analyzer, Canberra 2071A Dual Counter/Timer, Canberra Series 30 multichannel analyzer/scaler, Panasonic KX P1180 multimode printer w/MCA adapter I. Introduction The total observable cosmic ray intensity peaks at an atmospheric height of about 12 km, declining at higher altitudes; thus atmospheric production is indicated. The rate of cosmic radiation on the surface of the earth is of the order of l/(cm2-minute). A large fraction of this rate is due to muons which arise from the decay of charged pions (+ or -, with a small preponderance of + by charge conservation because protons are +), themselves produced in the upper atmosphere mainly by galactic protons (+ alphas and neutrons, with a few heavier nuclei). The muons eventually decay into electrons + neutrinos and it is the rate of this decay which is the object of the present experiment. Both m+ and m- will be detected; the equipment cannot distinguish. The two lifetimes are expected to be the same, since the m+ and m- are antiparticles of each other. A muon neutrino is produced both when the pion decays and produces a muon, and also when the muon decays and produces an electron. In contrast, an electron neutrino is produced only by muon decay. Therefore the ratio of muon to electron neutrinos is about 2:1. The galactic primary energy spectrum varies as E-8 above 10 GeV/nucleon. Since the threshold production energy is approximately the muon rest mass and most solar cosmic rays have lower energies, the sun is only a minor contributor to the surface charged cosmic flux, which is about 3/4 muons, 1% pions, with appreciable e+ and e- resulting from electromagnetic showers. The solar fraction can vary substantially with solar proton wind fluctuation (sunspots, etc.) and with magnetic storms (proton path bending). References 13 contain some interesting brief notes on the acceleration of