第三章–风化土-地球和空间科学（ chapter3– weatheringand soils- earthand space science）.docVIP

Chapter 3 – Weathering and Soils Chapter opening image – Rock weathering can produce spectacular landscapes. In Monument Valley, Arizona differential rock weathering and erosion of sandstone formations results in stair-stepped topography and distinctive towers of rock. Weathering etches less resistant layers so that bedding becomes visible, and the pattern of jointing and overall rock strength varies with rock type (lithology). Talus, a blanket of material fallen from cliff walls, covers some of the lower slopes. Photo by M. B. Miller  Introduction Weathering Physical Weathering Chemical Weathering Biological Weathering Global Patterns of Weathering Soils Factors of Soil Formation Processes of Soil Formation Soil Profiles Soil Classification Soils and Landscapes Soil Development Soil Catenas Paleosols Weathering-Dominated Landscapes Inselbergs and Tors Duricrusts Applications Introduction The thin layer of mechanically broken and chemically altered rock at the ground surface provides the substrate in which plants root, terrestrial life derives sustenance, and erosion acts to shape landscapes. This thin skin of the Earth houses the sphere of life — the biosphere. From a geomorphologist’s perspective, erosional processes are much more effective at shaping landscapes once solid rock breaks down into transportable sediment and decomposes into unconsolidated secondary minerals or dissolved ions. Weathering is the chemical or physical alteration of parent material (rock or sediment), and the weathering products that mantle fresh rock (or sediment) are called soil. Weathering processes influence the physical and chemical properties of weathered rock and soil, which in turn influence geomorphological processes and landforms. Soils form Earths outer skin, the transition from its rocky interior to a gaseous atmosphere. Soils not only harbor and sustain life, they are themselves partly composed of organic matter. Plants and animals both depend on