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外语学习理论与外语学习者研究综述.
外语学习理论与外语学习者研究
Language Learning Theory and Language Learner Study
外语学习论:
20世纪80年代之前,人们研究“Teaching”,之后转向了“Learning”。影响最大的学科有以下四个:心理学、哲学、语言学、环境学。
心理学的影响:行为主义心理学(Behavourism)/ 认知心理学(Cognitivism)
哲学的影响:经典人文主义(Classical Humanism)/ 重建主义(Restructionism)Reinforcement T)/内在论(Innate T)又称先天论/相互作用论(Interaction Theory))、四种二语习得理论(中介语理论(Interlanguage)Acculturation . Model)--by Schunman(舒曼)/渐进体系说(Approximative System)/输入说(Input Theory)S.D.Krashen(克拉申))
环境学的影响:关键期假说(Critical period)Behavioral viewpoint to Learning (Pavlov’s Classic Behaviorism and Skinner’s Operant Conditioning)
Cognitive viewpoint to Learning (Ausubel’s Assumption Theory)
Constructivist viewpoint to Learning (Rogers’ Humanistic Psychology).
-- 参考:H. Douglas. Brown, Principles of Language Learning and Teaching __5th_Edition, Chapter 4: P 86-102
参考上章节:
Learner-centred Principle
Learner centered is the perspective that couples a focus on individual learners-their heredity, experiences, perspectives, backgrounds, talents, interests, capacities, and needs-with a focus on leaning-the best available knowledge about learning and how it occurs and about teaching practices that are most effective in promoting the highest levels of motivation, learning, and achievement for all learners. This dual focus then informs and drives educational decision making. Learner-centered is a reflection in practice of the Learner-Centered Psychological Principles-in the programs, practices, policies, and people that support learning for all. (McCombs Whisler, 1997, p. 9)
Researchers strongly (Stevick, 1976, 1981; Ellis, 1985; Skehan, 1989) focus on the learner as an individual. A corresponding shift from a focus on teaching to a focus on learners and learning (Kumaravadivelu, 1993; Gremmo Riley, 1995; Little, 1995; Cotterall, 1995). consideration of differences in learning styles (Wenden and Rubin, 1987; Willing, 1989; Griffiths Sheen, 1992; Oxford Ehrman, 1993; Felder, 1995), learning strategies (Wenden Rubin, 1987; Wenden, 199
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