英文写作教程第3章如何写段落分析.pptVIP

over(因3) lung function is generally reduced among cigarette smokers. Worst of all, cigarette smoking is a greater hazard than other factors---(例3)such as community air pollution---in the causation of lung chronic bronchitis(慢性支气管炎). [先果后因，一果多因] 【它例见书，不再例举】 6)定义法(By Definition) 当段落的主题阐述“是什么”(What is)时，便可用定义法(即下定义)。定义法用一段话来解释说明某事物的性质和特征等，定义的对象可以是一个抽象的概念或具体的事物，包括性质、特征、结构、用途、行为、原理、来源等等。下定义的方法一般按“分类→→详述”步骤展开。例如： (教材p095例) Photosynthesis, which occurs in all land plants and many water plants, (定义)is a food-manufacturing process upon which all living things depend. (述1)The word is made up of two terms---photo---meaning light, and---synthesis---, in chemistry meaning the combination of two or more simple elements into a complex chemical compound. More precisely, (述2) photosynthesis is the process by which plants use energy of light to produce compounds, such as sugar and starch, form a number of substances including water and carbon dioxide. (述3)In addition to the organic compounds, photosynthesis forms oxygen, which is released into the air. (述4)In the conversion of light energy into chemical energy, photosynthesis is a primary energy-producing process for all plant and animal life. [定义→述1234]【它例见书】 7)分类法(By Classification) 按性质、特征、形态、功用、成因等等属性将某一种人或事物进行分类而发展段落的方法，其写作目的在于区分不同的事物、观点、现象、概念等。具体步骤为，主题句提出分类，扩展句一一陈述和说明。 但分类时难免要考虑分清范畴，陈述时也需一些例举来加以区分和说明，所以，它又有类似于定义法和举例法的地方。 常用过渡词有：to divide…into, to classify…into, group…into, to fall into classes, according to, in terms of, depending on, at the level of there are…kinds (types, groups, classes, categories, sorts) of, 等。例如： Examinations are (分类)of three kinds. (述1)One is the machine-scored “objective” type. In an objective test, the students answer questions by deciding on the best choice among a number of alternatives give. (述2)Another is the “completion” type. This kind of examination requires the students to add a word or phrase to